english-第8部分

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se　of　its　reliance　on　the　mean。

Standard　Error　of　Measurement
a　statistical　procedure　used　to　determine　the　amount　of　error　of　any　measurement　device

Standard　Error　of　the　Mean
An　estimation　of　the　unaccounted　for　error　within　a　mean。　If　the　mean　is　10　and　the　standard　error　of　the　mean　is　2；　then　the　true　score　is　likely　to　fall　somewhere　between　8　and　12　or　10　＋/…　2。

Standardization
The　process　of　making　a　test　or　procedure　the　same　for　everyone　so　that　results　can　be　pared　to　each　other。

Standard　Score
A　score　derived　by　transforming　the　data　based　on　the　standard　deviation。　Standard　scores　can　then　be　pared　to　one　another　on　face　value。　（See　z…score；　T…score；　NCE　score；　stanines；　and　Wechsler's　Deviation　IQ　Score）

Stanine
A　standard　score　that　literally　means　Standard　Nine；　stanines　have　a　mean　of　five　and　a　standard　deviation　of　approximately　two。　Stanines　2　through　8　are　exactly　1/2　standard　deviations　and　stanines　one　and　nine　or　open　ended。

Statistic
An　observed　characteristic　of　a　sample　（e。g。；　20％　improvement　rate；　range　of　IQ’s）　

State　
A　temporary　internal　characteristic　（e。g。；　depressed；　angry）　

State　Dependent　Memory　
The　theory　that　information　learned　in　a　particular　state　of　mind　（e。g。；　depressed；　happy；　somber）　is　more　easily　recalled　when　in　that　same　state　of　mind。　

Stem　and　Leaf　Display
A　multiple　column　table　depicting　the　individual　digits　of　the　scores。　A　score　of　95　would　have　a　stem　of　9　and　a　leaf　of　5；　a　score　of　62　would　have　a　stem　of　6　and　a　leaf　of　2。　If　a　particular　stem　has　more　than　one　leaf；　such　as　the　scores　54；　58；　and　51；　the　stem　of　5　has　three　leaves；　in　this　case　458。

Stimulus　
Anything　in　the　environment　to　which　one　responds。　

Stimulus　Discrimination
The　ability　to　tell　the　difference　and　therefore　not　respond　to　similar　stimuli。

Stimulus　Generalization
The　response　to　new　stimuli　due　its　similarity　to　the　original　stimuli。

Storage　
The　process　of　saving　information　in　long　term　memory　

Stress　
The　physical　and　psychological　result　of　internal　or　external　pressure。　

Stressor　
Anything；　internal　or　external；　which　applies　psychological　pressure　on　an　individual。　

Structuralism
School　of　thought　from　the　19th　century　focused　on　the　gathering　of　psychological　information　through　the　examination　of　the　structure　of　the　mind。

Subjective　Reality
The　perception　of　reality　made　by　an　individual　that　may　be　different　from　the　perception　made　by　another　person。

Subject　Matching
A　method　of　reducing　bias　in　a　sample　of　subjects　by　matching　specific　criteria　of　the　sample　to　the　true　characteristics　of　the　population。　（Example：　If　the　population　is　60％　female　then　60％　of　the　subjects　in　the　sample　should　also　be　female）

Sublimation　
A　defense　mechanism　where　undesired　or　unacceptable　impulses　are　transformed　into　behaviors　which　are　accepted　by　society。　

Superego　
In　Psychoanalytical　theory；　the　part　of　the　personality　that　represents　the　conscience。

Supertraits　
Hans　Eysenck's　term　for　his　two　distinct　categories　of　personality　traits。　They　include　Introversion…Extroversion　and　Neuroticism。　According　to　Eysenck；　each　of　us　fall　on　a　continuum　based　on　the　degree　of　each　supertraits。

Suppression　
The　defense　mechanism　where　we　push　unacceptable　thoughts　out　of　consciousness　and　into　our　unconscious。　

Survey　
A　research　technique　in　which　subjects　respond　to　a　series　of　questions。　

Syllogism　
Aristotle’s　theory　of　reasoning　where　two　true　statements　are　followed　by　a　single　logical　conclusion。　

Sympathetic　Nervous　System　（SNS）
Part　of　the　Autonomic　Nervous　System　responsible　for　the　fight　or　flight　phenomenon　and　which　plays　a　role　（along　with　the　Parasympathetic　Nervous　System）　in　maintaining　the　body's　homeostasis。

Synapse
The　space　between　the　axon　of　one　neuron　and　the　dendrites　of　another　through　which　neurotransmitters　travel。

Systematic　Desensitization　
A　treatment　technique　where　the　client　is　exposed　to　gradually　increasing　anxiety　provoking　stimuli　while　relaxing；　the　goal　is　for　the　client　to　eventually　confront　a　phobia　or　fear　without　the　previously　associated　anxiety。　

T

T…Score
A　standard　score　that　sets　the　mean　to　fifty　and　standard　deviation　to　ten。　Used　on　a　number　of　tests　including　the　MMPI。

T…Test
A　group　of　statistics　used　to　determine　if　a　significance　difference　exists　between　the　means　of　two　sets　of　data。

Tactile　
The　sense　of　touch。　

TAT　
See　Thematic　Apperception　Test　

Temperament　
A　person’s　typical　way　of　responding　to　his　or　her　environment。　

Temporal　Lobe
One　of　the　four　lobes　of　the　brain。　Contains　the　auditory　cortex　and　therefore　plays　a　role　in　receptive　language　as　well　as　memory　and　emotion。

Test…Retest　Reliability
The　correlation　coefficient　determined　by　paring　the　scores　of　the　same　measuring　device　administered　to　the　same　people　on　two　different　occasions。　

Tetrachoric　Correlation
A　correlational　technique　used　to　estimate　the　Pearson…Product　correlation　of　two　continuous　variables　that　have　been　dichotomized　（Example：　age　is　continuous；　but　when　it　is　split　into　two　groups；　such　as　over　40　and　under　40；　it　bees　dichotomous）。

Thalamus
Considered　the　central　switching　station　of　the　brain　because　all　of　the　body's　senses　（except　the　olfactory　senses）　pass　through　this　before　being　relayed　to　the　brain。

Thematic　Apperception　Test　（TAT）　
A　subjective　personality　test　where　ambiguous　pictures　are　shown　to　a　subject　and　they　are　asked　to　tell　a　story　related　to　them。　

Theory　
A　general　idea　about　the　relationship　of　two　or　more　variables。　

Time　Series　Design　
A　research　design　where　subjects　are　measured　at　specific　times　before　and　after　the　treatment　has　been　administered　in　order　to　determine　the　long　term　effects　of　the　treatment　

Trait　
A　relatively　permanent　internal　characteristic　（e。g。；　friendly；　outgoing）

Transference　
Intense　feelings　directed　toward　the　therapist　that　many　clients　experience　in　the　process　of　therapy。

Trial　and　Error　Learning
Learning　that　takes　place　through　the　application　of　possible　solutions　to　a　problem。

True　Experiment
Research　design　that　utilizes　the　most　control　over　subjects　and　utilizes　randomization

True　Score
the　amount　of　the　observed　score　that　truly　represents　what　you　are　intending　to　measure。

Two…Way　ANOVA
An　Analysis　of　Variance　used　when　there　are　two　independent　variables。

Type　A　Personality　
A　theory　used　to　describe　a　person　with　a　significant　number　of　traits　focused　on　urgency；　impatience；　success；　and　excessive　petition。　

Type　B　Personality　
A　theory　used　to　describe　person　with　a　significant　number　of　traits　focused　on　relaxation；　lack　of　urgency；　and　normal　or　reduced　petition。　

Type　I　Error
The　error　that　is　mitted　when　a　true　null　hypothesis　is　rejected　erroneously。　The　probability　of　a　Type　I　Error　is　abbreviated　with　the　lowercase　Greek　letter　alpha。

Type　II　Error
The　error　that　is　mitted　when　a　false　null　hypothesis　is　accepted　erroneously。　The　probability　of　a　Type　II　Error　is　abbreviated　with　the　uppercase　Greek　letter　beta。　

U

Unconditional　Positive　Regard　
The　nonjudgmental　empathy　and　respect　for　another　person。　

Unconditioned　Response　
The　response　in　a　stimulus…response　chain　that　is　naturally　occurring　as　opposed　to　learned。

Unconditioned　Stimulus　
The　stimulus　in　a　stimulus…response　chain　that　is　naturally　occurring　as　opposed　to　learned。

Unconscious　
According　to　Freud；　the　area　of　the　psyche　where　unknown　wishes　and　needs　are　kept　that　play　a　significant　role　in　our　conscious　behavior。

Upper　Confidence　Level
The　upper　limit　of　a　confidence　interval。　If　prediction　states　that　the　true　score　falls　between　80　and　90；　then　the　upper　confidence　level　is　90。

V

Validity　
Statistical　technique　used　to　determine　if　a　test　is　actually　measuring　what　it　is　intended　to　measure。　

Variability
The　degree　to　which　a　distribution　of　scores　vary　around　the　mean。　High　variability　means　scores　are　spread　wider　apart　and　low　variability　means　scores　are　relatively　close　together。　Typical　ways　of　determining　variability　are　the　range；　interquartile　range；　semi…interquartile　range；　variance；　and　standard　deviation。

Variable　
Any　factor　which　has　the　potential　to　influence　another　factor　in　a　research　study。

Variable　Interval　Schedule　
A　schedule　in　which　the　reinforcement　is　presented　after　a　varying　amount　of　time。

Variable　Ratio　Schedule　
A　schedule　in　which　the　reinforcement　is　presented　after　a　varying　number　of　responses。

Variance
A　measure　of　spread　within　a　distribution　（the　square　of　the　standard　deviation）。

Vicarious　Reinforcement
The　reinforcement　that　occurs　as　a　result　of　watching　a　model　get　reinforced　for　a　specific　behavior　or　series　of　behaviors。

W

WAIS…III　
See　Wechsler　Adult　Intelligence　Scale；　Third　Edition。

Weber's　Law
The　amount　of　change　necessary　to　detect　a　different　in　a　stimuli　must　be　staged　in　a　percentage　since　recognition　of　the　change　is　relative　to　the　characteristics　of　the　initial　stimulus　（e。g。；　a　one　pound　change　in　the　weight　of　a　pencil　would　be　more　easily　recognized　than　a　one　pound　weight　added　to　a　300　pound　barbell