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Longitudinal　Study
A　research　design　that　assesses　the　effects　of　development　（maturation）　by　using　the　same　subjects　over　an　extended　period　of　time

Long　Term　Memory　
Relatively　permanent　memory。　

Lower　Confidence　Limit
The　lower　limit　of　a　confidence　interval。　If　prediction　states　that　the　true　score　falls　between　80　and　90；　then　the　lower　confidence　level　is　80。

Lucid　Dream　
A　dream　in　which　you　are　aware　of　dreaming　and　are　sometimes　able　to　manipulate　the　dream。

心理学英文名词解释02

M

Magnitude
Characteristic　of　a　scale　of　measurement　where　the　individual　units　possess　the　qualities　of　greater　than；　equal　to；　or　less　than。

Main　Effect
The　effect　of　one　variable　on　another　without　any　other　variables　or　subgroups　involvement。

Manifest　Content
According　to　Freud；　the　story…like　superficial　content　of　a　dream；　often　representing　only　the　daily　activities　and　little　underlying　unconscious　material。

Maslow；　Abraham
Humanistic　Theorist　most　famous　for　the　development　of　the　Hierarchy　of　Needs。

Maturation　
Changes　due　to　the　natural　process　of　aging　as　determined　by　your　genetics　

Mean　
A　measure　of　central　tendency　determined　by　adding　all　scores　together　and　dividing　by　the　number　of　scores。　Often　referred　to　as　the　statistical　average。

Measure　of　Central　Tendency　
An　average　（see　Mean；　Median；　and/or　Mode）

Measurement；　Scales　of
Categories　of　data　based　on　their　numerical　characteristics　（See　Ratio；　Interval；　Ordinal；　and　Nominal　Scales）

Median　
A　measure　of　central　tendency　that　uses　the　middle　most　occurring　score　in　a　distribution　（the　score　that　occurs　at　exactly　the　50th　percentile）。

Medulla　Oblongata
Part　of　the　brainstem　that　controls　vital　life…sustaining　functions　such　as　heartbeat；　breathing；　blood　pressure；　and　digestion。

Memory　Effect
Error　in　research　that　results　from　subjects　recalling　previous　testing　and　applying　that　knowledge　to　current　testing。

Mesokurtic
A　curve　or　distribution　that　has　a　balanced　amount　of　variance　so　that　is　resembles　a　normal　curve。

Meta　Analysis
The　statistical　procedure　used　to　bine　numerous　and　independent　research　results　into　one　study。　Each　research　study　bees　one　subject　in　the　meta…analysis。

Minnesota　Multiphasic　Personality　Inventory；　2nd。　Edition　
An　Objective　test　utilizing　567　items　which　have　been　empirically　derived　to　measure　a　variety　of　psychological　concerns。

MMPI…2　
See　Minnesota　Multiphasic　Personality　Inventory；　2nd。　Edition。

Mode　
A　measure　of　central　tendency　that　uses　the　most　frequently　occurring　score。　A　distribution　with　two　or　more　scores　that　are　equal　and　occur　most　frequently　is　called　multi…modal。

Modeling
Learning　through　the　imitation　or　observation　of　others。

Mortality
Subject　drop…out　in　a　research　study。　Mortality　bees　a　problem　when　a　disproportionate　drop　out　rate　occurs　between　two　or　more　groups　（Example：　30％　of　males　drop　out　of　group　one　while　only　2％　of　males　drop　out　in　group　two；　resulting　in　uneven　groups）。

Motivation　
The　process　that　energizes　and/or　maintains　a　behavior。　

Motive
Internal　states　that　provide　direction　for　one's　behaviors。

Multiple　Correlation
A　correlational　technique　used　when　there　is　one　X　and　two　or　more　Y。　（Example：　the　correlation　between　age　and　（math　and　English　ability）。

N

N
Symbol　used　for　the　number　of　subjects　or　data　in　a　distribution。　A　study　with　10　subjects　would　have　an　N　equal　to　10。

Naturalistic　Observation　
A　research　method　where　the　subject（s）　is（are）　observed　without　interruption　under　normal　or　natural　circumstances。　

NCE　Score
A　standard　score　that　sets　the　mean　to　fifty　and　standard　deviation　to　21。06；　allowing　the　99th　percentile　to　have　a　score　of　99　and　the　first　percentile　a　score　of　1。

Negative　Correlation　
a　correlation　where　one　two　variables　tend　to　move　in　the　opposite　direction　（example：　the　number　of　pages　printed　and　the　amount　of　ink　left　in　your　printer　are　negatively　correlated。　The　more　pages　printed；　the　less　ink　you　have　left。）

Negative　Skew
A　curve　or　distribution　of　scores　that　has　extreme　scores　below　the　mean　that　are　atypical　of　the　majority　of　scores。

Neuron
A　specialized　nerve　cell。

Neurotransmitter　
A　chemical　found　in　animals　that　plays　a　role　in　our　behavior；　cognitions；　and　emotions。　

Nightmare　
A　frightening　dream　occurring　in　REM　sleep。　

Nominal　Scale
Any　scale　that　contains　no　magnitude。　Often　nominal　is　thought　of　as　name　only；　meaning　that　the　variables　of　a　nominal　scale　can　be　identified　but　not　measured。

Nondeclarative　Memory　
A　subsystem　within　Long　term　memory　which　consists　of　skills　we　acquire　through　repetition　and　practice　（e。g。；　dance；　playing　the　piano；　driving　a　car）

Nonparametric　Test
Any　statistic　that　is　designed　for　ordinal　or　nominal　data　or　data　that　is　not　normally　distributed

Norepinephrine
A　neurotransmitter　associated　with　eating　and　alertness。　Too　little　has　been　associated　with　depression　and　too　much　has　been　associated　with　schizophrenia。

Norm　
An　expectation　based　on　multiple　observations。　

Normal　Curve　
A　graphical　interpretation　of　a　population　that　is　‘bell　shaped’　as　it　has　the　highest　frequency　in　the　middle　and　this　frequency　diminishes　the　farther　you　get　from　the　center　on　either　end。　The　mean；　median；　and　mode　are　all　equal　in　a　perfect　normal　curve。

Normal　Distribution
The　scores　of　a　sample　or　population　that；　when　graphed；　fall　on　or　close　to　a　normal　curve。　A　normal　distribution　is　often　ideal　in　research　because　the　data　can　then　be　said　to　have　all　of　the　characteristics　of　a　normal　curve。

Null　Hypothesis
The　hypothesis　that　states　there　is　no　difference　between　two　or　more　sets　of　data。

O

Object　Permanence　
The　understanding　that　objects　exist　even　when　they　are　not　directly　observed。　

Objective　Techniques　
A　generic　term　for　the　psychological　procedures　used　to　measure　personality　which　rely　on　measurable　or　objective　techniques　such　as　the　MMPI…2　and　WAIS…III。

Obsession　
A　persistent　and　seemingly　uncontrollable　thought。　

Occipital　Lobe
One　of　for　lobes　of　the　brain。　Contains　the　visual　cortex　and　therefore　plays　a　major　role　in　the　interpretation　of　visual　information。

Odd…Even　Reliability
The　correlation　coefficient　determined　by　paring　odd　items　of　the　measurement　to　the　even　items。　One　method　to　determine　the　internal　consistency　of　a　test　or　measuring　device。

Olfaction　
The　sense　of　smell。

One…Way　ANOVA
An　Analysis　of　Variance　used　when　there　is　only　one　main　effect。

Operant　Conditioning　
Learning　that　occurs　due　to　the　manipulation　of　the　possible　consequences。　

Optimal　Level　of　Arousal
Theory　arguing　that　humans　are　driven　to　increase　or　decrease　arousal　to　produce　a　fortable　level　that　is　not　over…　nor　under　stimulating。

Oral　Aggressive　Personality
Stemming　from　the　Oral　stage；　a　child　who　bees　fixated　due　to　over　stimulation　transfers　his　or　her　unresolved　oral　issues　into　aggression　and　hostility。

Oral　Receptive　Personality
Stemming　from　the　Oral　stage；　a　child　who　bees　fixated　due　to　under　stimulation　transfers　his　or　her　unmet　oral　needs　into　smoking；　drinking；　talking；　biting　fingernails；　or　sucking　one's　own　thumb；　for　example。

Oral　Stage
Freud's　first　stage　of　psychosexual　development　where　the　primary　sexual　focus　is　on　the　mouth　through　sucking；　tasting；　and　verbalizing。

Order　Effects
The　effects　of　administering　treatments　in　a　particular　order

Ordered　Array
A　table　consisting　of　data　in　order　of　highest　to　lowest　or　lowest　to　highest　where　each　data　is　given　a　numbered　rank　depicting　it's　difference　from　the　highest　or　lowest　score

Ordinal　Scale
Any　scale　that　reflects　only　magnitude　but　does　not　contain　equal　intervals　or　an　absolute　zero　

Overlearning　
A　technique　used　to　improve　memory　where　information　is　learned　to　the　point　that　it　can　be　repeated　without　mistake　more　than　one　time。　

P

Panic　Attack　
Period　of　extreme　anxiety　and　physical　symptoms　such　as　heart　palpitations；　shakiness；　dizziness；　and　racing　thoughts。　Initial　attacks　are　often　reported　to　feel　like　a　heart　attack　due　to　the　heart　palpitations。　A　medical　exam　should　be　conducted　to　rule　out　any　such　condition。　

Parallel　Form　Reliability
The　correlation　coefficient　determined　by　paring　the　scores　of　the　two　similar　measuring　devices　（or　forms　of　the　same　test）　administered　to　the　same　people　at　one　time。　

Parameter
A　summary　value　of　a　specific　population　characteristic　（e。g。；　mean　age；　standard　deviation　of　IQ’s；　median　ine）　

Parasympathetic　Nervous　System
A　subsystem　of　the　Autonomic　Nervous　System　（ANS）　that　returns　the　body　to　homeostasis。

Parietal　Lobe
One　of　four　lobes　of　the　brain。　Contains　the　Somatosensory　Cortex　d　is　therefore　involved　in　the　processing　of　touch；　pressure；　temperature；　and　pain。

Peak　Experience
A　life　experience　considered　paramount　due　to　the　feeling　of　unity　with　the　world。

Pearson　Product…Moment　Correlation
A　correlation　statistic　used　primarily　for　two　sets　of　data　that　are　of　the　ratio　or　interval　scale。　The　most　monly　used　correlational　technique。

Penis　Envy
In　Psychoanalytic　Thought；　the　desire　of　girls　to　posses　a　penis　and　therefore　ha