english-第4部分

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Treatment　focusing　on　the　awareness　and　understanding　of　one's　feelings。　

Grouped　Frequency　Distribution
A　table　showing　the　number　of　occurrences　for　a　grouping　of　scores。　Used　a　lot　in　educational　settings　where　a　score　of　90　to　100　may　be　grouped　as　an　A；　a　score　of　80　to　90　may　be　grouped　as　a　B；　etc。

Group　Polarization
The　tendency　for　members　of　a　cohesive　group　to　make　more　extreme　decisions　due　to　the　lack　of　opposing　views。　

Group　Therapy
Psychotherapy　conducted　with　at　least　three　or　four　non…related　individuals　who　are　similar　in　some　are；　such　as　gender；　age；　mental　illness；　or　presenting　problem。　

Group　Think
The　tendency　for　members　of　a　cohesive　group　to　reach　decisions　without　weighing　all　the　facts；　especially　those　contradicting　the　majority　opinion。　

Gustation
Sense　of　taste。

H

Habituation
The　decrease　in　response　to　a　stimulus　due　to　repetition　（e。g。；　not　hearing　the　ticking　of　a　clock　after　getting　used　to　it）

Hallucination　
False　perception　of　reality　（e。g。；　hearing　voices　that　aren't　there　or　seeing　people　who　do　not　exist）　＇auditory　（hearing）；　visual　（sight）；　olfactory　（smell）；　tactile　（touch）；　and　taste＇。

Halo　Effect　
The　tendency　to　assign　generally　positive　or　generally　negative　traits　to　a　person　after　observing　one　specific　positive　or　negative　trait；　respectively。

Hawthorne　Effect
The　phenomenon　that　subject　behavior　changes　by　the　mere　fact　that　they　are　being　observed。

Health　Psychology
The　specific　field　in　psychology　concerned　with　psychology’s　impact　on　health；　physical　well　being；　and　illness。

Heterosexuality　
Being　attracted　to　or　aroused　by　members　of　the　opposite　gender。　See　Sexual　Orientation。

Heuristic　
A　rule　of　thumb　based　on　experience　used　to　make　decisions。　

Hierarchy　of　Needs　
Maslow’s　Theory　of　Motivation　which　states　that　we　must　achieve　lower　level　needs；　such　as　food；　shelter；　and　safety　before　we　can　achieve　higher　level　needs；　such　as　belonging；　esteem；　and　self…actualization。　

Higher　Order　Conditioning
Pairing　a　second　conditioned　stimulus　with　the　first　conditioned　stimulus　in　order　to　produce　a　second　conditioned　response。

Hippocampus
Part　of　the　limbic　system。　Involved　more　in　memory；　and　the　transfer　of　information　from　short…term　to　long…term　memory。

History　
External　events　that　take　place　during　a　research　study　that　are　not　part　of　the　study　but　have　an　effect　on　the　oute　

Homeostasis　
The　tendency　of　the　body　（and　the　mind）　to　natural　gravitate　toward　a　state　of　equilibrium　or　balance。　

Homophobia　
An　irrational　hostility；　hatred；　or　fear　of　homosexuals。　

Homosexuality　
Being　attracted　to　or　aroused　by　members　of　the　same　gender。　See　Sexual　Orientation。　

Humanistic　Psychology　
A　theoretical　view　of　human　nature　which　stresses　a　positive　view　of　human　nature　and　the　strong　belief　in　psychological　homeostasis。　

Humanistic　Therapy　
Treatment　focused　on　increasing　awareness　of　one's　self　concept。

Hypnosis　
A　deep　state　of　relaxation　where　an　individual　is　more　susceptible　to　suggestions。　

Hypnotherapist　
A　trained；　and　often　licensed；　therapist　who　utilizes　the　therapeutic　technique　of　hypnosis　as　part　of　a　treatment　regimen。

Hypnotist　
An　individual；　most　likely　unlicensed；　who　uses　hypnosis　techniques　or　variations　of　these　techniques　for　a　variety　of　reasons；　including　treatment　and/or　entertainment。

Hypothalamus
A　part　of　the　brain　that　controls　the　autonomic　nervous　system；　and　therefore　maintains　the　body’s　homeostasis　（controls　body　temperature；　metabolism；　and　appetite。　Also　translates　extreme　emotions　into　physical　responses。

Hypothesis　
A　prediction　about　the　relationship　between　two　or　more　variables。　

I

Id　
In　Psychoanalytical　theory；　the　part　of　the　personality　which　contains　our　primitive　impulses　such　as　sex；　anger；　and　hunger。

Ideal　Self
Humanistic　term　representing　the　characteristics；　behaviors；　emotions；　and　thoughts　to　which　a　person　aspires。

Illusion　
Misperception　of　reality　（e。g。；　the　illusion　of　a　lake　in　the　middle　of　a　desert）。

Imagery　
Utilizing　the　mind　to　create　a　mental　representation　of　a　sensory　experience。　

Inappropriate　Affect　
Expressing　contradictory　behavior　when　describing　or　experiencing　an　emotion　（e。g。；　smiling　when　discussing　something　sad；　laughing　when　talking　about　the　death　of　a　loved　one）。　

Independent　Samples
Sample　data　that　is　independent　or　not　related　to　each　other。　

Independent　Variable　
The　variable　in　an　experiment　that　is　manipulated　or　pared。　

Inductive　Reasoning　
Decision　making　process　in　which　ideas　are　processed　from　the　specific　to　the　general。　

Industrial/Organizational　Psychology　
The　area　or　specialty　in　psychology　focused　on　the　application　of　psychological　principles　in　the　work　force。　

Inferential　Statistics
The　branch　of　statistics　that　focuses　on　describing　in　numerical　format　what　might　be　happening　or　what　might　happen　（estimation）　in　the　future　（probability）。　Inferential　statistics　required　the　testing　of　only　a　sample　of　the　population。　（Example：　100　students　rather　than　all　students）。

Inhalant
Substances　such　as　spray　paint；　freon；　and　glue　that　produce　an　intoxicating　effect　when　inhaled。

Innate　
Occurring　without　learning；　inborn。　

Insanity
A　legal　term　representing　the　inability　to　know　right　from　wrong　or　the　inability　to　understand　the　consequences　of　one's　actions。　

Insight　
The　understanding　of　a　relationship　between　current　thoughts；　feelings；　and/or　behaviors　and　where　these　originated　or　how　they　are　maintained。　

Instinct　
A　behavior　we　are　born　with　and　therefore　does　not　need　to　be　learned。

Intelligence
The　degree　to　which　one　can　adapt　to　one’s　environment。　

Intelligence　Quotient　＇IQ＇　
The　scores　achieved　on　psychological　tests　aimed　at　quantifying　intellectual　ability。　

Interaction　Effects
When　the　effect　of　one　variable　on　another　is　contingent　on　a　third　variable；　this　contingency　is　called　an　interaction　effect。　

Internal　Consistency
An　estimate　of　how　reliable　a　test　is　when　items　on　the　test　are　pared　to　each　other。　See　split…half　and　odd…even　reliability。

Internal　Locus　of　Control　
The　belief　that　an　individual　has　more　control　over　life　circumstances　than　the　environment　does。　

Internal　Validity
A　measure　of　the　trustworthiness　of　a　sample　of　data。　Internal　validity　looks　at　the　subject；　testing；　and　environment　in　which　the　data　collection　took　place。

Interquartile　Range
The　difference　between　the　scores　（or　estimated　scores）　at　the　75th　percentile　and　the　25th　percentile。　Used　more　than　the　range　because　it　eliminates　extreme　scores。

Interval　Estimation
Estimating　the　population　statistic　based　on　a　range　around　a　sample　statistic。

Interval　Scale
Any　scale　of　measurement　possessing　magnitude　and　equal　intervals；　but　not　an　absolute　zero。

Interview
A　subjective　personality　and　mental　health　assessment　typically　consisting　of　questions　and　answers。

Intrinsic　Motivation　
The　motivation　or　desire　to　do　something　based　on　the　enjoyment　of　the　behavior　itself　rather　than　relying　on　or　requiring　external　reinforcement。　

Introspection
The　process　of　examining　one's　own　consciousness。

Introversion　
The　tendency　to　focus　energy　inward　resulting　in　decreased　social　interaction。　

J

Just　Noticeable　Difference　
The　smallest　change　in　a　sensory　perception　that　is　detectable　50％　of　the　time。

Jung；　Carl
A　student　of　Freud　who　split　from　the　Psychoanalytic　Society　because　of　his　disagreements　with　Freud；　especially　his　view　of　the　collective　unconscious。

K

Kurtosis
The　shape　of　a　curve　or　distribution　of　scores　（See　Leptokurtic；　Mesokurtic；　and　Platykurtic）。

L

Latency　Stage
Freud's　fourth　stage　of　psychosexual　development　where　sexuality　is　repressed　in　the　unconscious　and　children　focus　on　identifying　with　their　same　sex　parent　and　interact　with　same　sex　peers。

Latent　Content
Freud's　term　for　the　underlying　or　hidden　content　represented　in　the　symbols　of　dreams。

Latent　Learning　
Learning　that　occurs　without　apparent　reinforcement　but　is　not　demonstrated　until　such　time　as　reinforcement　occurs。　

Law　of　Effect　
Theory　proposed　by　Thorndike　stating　that　those　responses　that　are　followed　by　a　positive　consequence　will　be　repeated　more　frequently　than　those　that　are　not。　

Learned　Helplessness　
A　condition　that　occurs　after　a　period　of　negative　consequences　where　the　person　begins　to　believe　they　have　no　control。　

Learning
A　relatively　permanent　change　in　behavior　due　to　an　interaction　with　the　environment。

Learning　Theory　
Based　on　the　idea　that　changes　in　behavior　result　more　from　experience　and　less　from　our　personality　or　how　we　think　or　feel　about　a　situation。

Legitimate　Power　
Power　derived　through　one's　position；　such　as　a　police　officer　or　elected　official。

Libido　
Sigmund　Freud’s　terminology　of　sexual　energy　or　sexual　drive。　

Limbic　System
A　brain　system　that　plays　a　role　in　emotional　expression；　particularly　in　the　emotional　ponent　of　behavior；　memory；　and　motivation。

Locus　of　Control　
A　belief　about　the　amount　of　control　a　person　has　over　situations　in　their　life。　

Longitudinal　Study
A　research　design　that