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Coefficient　of　Determination　决定系数
The　statistic　or　number　determined　by　squaring　the　correlation　coefficient系数。　Represents　the　amount　of　variance　accounted　for　by　that　correlation。　

Coercive　Power　强制力
Power　derived　through　the　ability　to　punish。

Cognition
The　process　of　receiving；　processing；　storing；　and　using　information。　

Cognitive　Behavioral　Therapy　
Treatment　involving　the　bination　of　behaviorism　（based　on　the　theories　of　learning）　and　cognitive　therapy　（based　on　the　theory　that　our　cognitions　or　thoughts　control　a　large　portion　of　our　behaviors）。　

Cognitive　Dissonance失调
the　realization　of　contradictions　in　one's　own　attitudes　and　behaviors。　

Cognitive　Psychology　
The　sub…field　of　psychology　associated　with　information　processing　and　the　role　it　plays　in　emotion；　behavior；　and　physiology。　

Cognitive　Therapy
The　treatment　approach　based　on　the　theory　that　our　cognitions　or　thoughts　control　a　large　part　of　our　behaviors　and　emotions。　Therefore；　changing　the　way　we　think　can　result　in　positive　changes　in　the　way　we　act　and　feel。

Cohort　Effects　
The　effects　of　being　born　and　raised　in　a　particular　time　or　situation　where　all　other　members　of　your　group　has　similar　experiences　that　make　your　group　unique　from　other　groups　

Collective　Unconscious　
According　to　Jung；　the　content　of　the　unconscious　mind　that　is　passed　down　from　generation　to　generation　in　all　humans。　

pulsion
The　physical　act　resulting　from　an　obsession。　Typically　a　pulsive　act　is　done　in　an　attempt　to　alleviate　the　disfort　created　by　an　obsession。　

Concrete　Operational　Stage　具体运算
According　to　Piaget；　the　stage　of　cognitive　development　where　a　child　between　the　ages　of　7　and　12　begins　thinking　more　globally　and　outside　of　the　self　but　is　still　deficient不足　in　abstract　thought。　

Concurrent　Validity　同时效度
A　measurements　ability　to　correlate　or　vary　directly　with　an　accepted　measure　of　the　same　construct　

Conditioned　Response
The　response　in　a　stimulus…response　chain　that　is　not　naturally　occurring；　but　rather　has　been　learned　through　its　pairing　with　a　naturally　occurring　chain。　

Conditioned　Stimulus
The　stimulus　in　a　stimulus…response　chain　that　is　not　naturally　occurring；　but　rather　has　been　learned　through　its　pairing　with　a　naturally　occurring　chain。　

Conditioning
The　process　of　learning　new　behaviors　or　responses　as　a　result　of　their　consequences。

Confidence　Interval　置信区间
The　level　of　certainty　that　the　true　score　falls　within　a　specific　range。　The　smaller　the　range　the　less　the　certainty。　

Conformity从众
Changing　your　attitudes；　beliefs；　thoughts；　or　behaviors　in　order　to　be　more　consistent　with　others。

Confound
Any　variable　that　is　not　part　of　a　research　study　but　still　has　an　effect　on　the　research　results

Conscience
According　to　Freud；　the　restriction　demanded　by　the　superego。

Consciousness
Awareness　of　yourself　and　the　world　around　you。　

Conservation
The　understanding；　typically　achieved　in　later　childhood；　that　matter　remains　the　same　even　when　the　shape　changes　（　i。e。；　a　pound　of　clay　is　still　a　pound　of　clay　whether　it　is　rolled　in　a　ball　or　pounded　flat）。　

Consolidation
The　physiological　changes　in　the　brain　associated　with　memory　storage。　

Consolidation　Failure
The　failure　to　store　information　in　memory。

Constant
Any　variable　that　remains　the　same　throughout　a　study。

Construct
Any　variable　that　can　not　be　directly　observed　but　rather　is　measured　through　indirect　methods。　（Examples：　intelligence；　motivation）

Construct　Validity
The　general　validity　of　a　measuring　device。　Construct　validity　answers　the　question　of　whether　or　not　the　measuring　device　actually　measures　the　construct　under　question。

Content　Validity
A　measurement　device’s　ability　to　be　generalized　to　the　entire　content　of　what　is　being　measured。

Context　Dependent　Memory　
The　theory　that　information　learned　in　a　particular　situation　or　place　is　better　remembered　when　in　that　same　situation　or　place。　

Continuous　Reinforcement
The　application　of　reinforcement　every　time　a　specific　behavior　occurs。　

Control　Group
The　group　of　subjects　in　an　experiment　that　does　not　receive　the　independent　variable。　

Convergence　
The　binocular　cue　to　distance　referring　to　the　fact　that　the　closer　an　object；　the　more　inward　our　eyes　need　to　turn　in　order　to　focus　

Convergent　Thinking　
Logical　and　conventional　thought　leading　to　a　single　answer。　

Conversion　Disorder　
A　somatoform　disorder　where　the　individual　experiences　a　loss　of　sensation　or　function　due　to　a　psychological　belief　（e。g。；　paralysis；　blindness；　deafness）。　

Correlated　Sample　
Sample　data　that　is　related　to　each　other。　

Correlation
The　degree　to　which　two　or　more　variables　a　related　to　each　other。　A　correlation　refers　to　the　direction　that　the　variables　move　and　does　not　necessarily　represent　cause　and　effect。　（Example：　height　and　weight　are　correlated。　As　one　increases；　the　other　tends　to　increase　as　well）

Correlation　Coefficient　
The　statistic　or　number　representing　the　degree　to　which　two　or　more　variables　are　related。　Often　abbreviated　'r。'　

Counter　conditioning　
The　use　of　conditioning　to　eliminate　a　previously　conditioned　response。　The　conditioned　stimulus　（CS）　is　repaired　with　a　different　unconditioned　stimulus　（UCS）　to　eventually　elicit　a　new　conditioned　response　（CR）　

Critical　Period
A　time　frame　deemed　highly　important　in　developing　in　a　healthy　manner；　can　be　physically；　emotionally；　behaviorally；　or　cognitively。　

Critical　Value
The　value　of　a　statistic　required　in　order　to　consider　the　results　significant。　

Cross　Sectional　Study　
A　research　study　that　examines　the　effects　of　development　（maturation）　by　examining　different　subjects　at　various　ages　

Cross　Sequential　Study　
A　research　study　that　examines　the　effects　of　development　（maturation）　by　bining　longitudinal　and　cross　sectional　studies　

Crowding　
The　psychological　and　psychological　response　to　the　belief　that　there　are　too　many　people　in　a　specified　area。

Crystallized　Intelligence
The　part　of　intelligence　which　involves　the　acquisition；　as　opposed　to　the　use；　of　information

D

Decay
Theory　which　states　that　memory　fades　and/or　disappears　over　time　if　it　is　not　used　or　accessed。

Declarative　Memory　
The　part　of　long…term　memory　where　factual　information　is　stored；　such　as　mathematical　formulas；　vocabulary；　and　life　events。　

Deductive　Reasoning
Decision　making　process　in　which　ideas　are　processed　from　the　general　to　the　specific。　

Defenses　（Defense　Mechanisms）　
Psychological　forces　which　prevent　undesirable　or　inappropriate　impulses　from　entering　consciousness　（e。g。；　forgetting　responsibilities　that　we　really　didn't　want　to　do；　projecting　anger　onto　a　spouse　as　opposed　to　your　boss）。　Also　called　Defense　Mechanisms；　Defense　System；　or　Ego　Defenses。

Degrees　of　Freedom
The　numbers　of　individual　scores　that　can　vary　without　changing　the　sample　mean。　Statistically　written　as　'N…1'　where　N　represents　the　number　of　subjects。

Delusion
False　belief　system　（e。g。；　believing　you　are　Napoleon；　have　magical　powers；　or　the　false　belief　that　others　are　'out　to　get　you。'）。

Dendrites
Extensions　of　the　cell　body　of　a　neuron　responsible　for　receiving　ining　neurotransmitters。

Dependent　Variable
The　variable　in　an　experiment　that　is　measured；　the　oute　of　an　experiment。　

Descriptive　Statistics
The　branch　of　statistics　that　focuses　on　describing　in　numerical　format　what　is　happening　now　within　a　population。　Descriptive　statistics　require　that　all　subjects　in　the　population　（the　entire　class；　all　males　in　a　school；　all　professors）　be　tested。

Developmental　Psychology
The　area　of　psychology　focused　on　how　children　grow　psychologically　to　bee　who　they　are　as　adults。　

Deviation　IQ　Score
A　standard　score　used　for　reporting　IQ　scores　where　the　mean　is　set　to　100　and　standard　deviation　to　15　

Difference　Threshold
The　smallest　change　in　perception　which　is　noticeable　at　least　50％　of　the　time。　

Discrimination
In　behavioral　theory；　the　learned　ability　to　differentiate　between　two　similar　objects　or　situations。

Disorientation
Inability　to　recognize　or　be　aware　of　who　we　are　（person）；　what　we　are　doing　（situation）；　the　time　and　date　（time）；　or　where　we　are　in　relation　to　our　environment　（place）。　To　be　considered　a　problem；　it　must　be　consistent；　result　in　difficulty　functioning；　and　not　due　to　forgetting　or　being　lost。

Displacement　
The　pushing　out　of　older　information　in　short　term　memory　to　make　room　for　new　information。　

Dispositional　Attribute
An　attribute　explained　or　interpreted　as　being　caused　by　internal　influences。

Dissociation　
A　separation　from　the　self；　with　the　most　severe　resulting　in　Dissociative　Identity　Disorder。　Most　of　us　experience　this　in　very　mild　forms　such　as　when　we　are　driving　long　distance　and　lose　time　or　find　ourselves　day　dreaming　longer　than　we　thought。　

Distinctiveness　
The　phenomenon　in　memory　that　states　we　are　better　able　to　remember　information　if　it　is　distinctive　or　different　from　other　information。

Divergent　Thinking
The　ability　to　use　previously　gained　information　to　debate　or　discuss　issues　which　have　no　agreed　upon　defini