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A

AB　Design
A　single　subject　research　design　that　contains　one　baseline　（A）　and　one　treatment　（B）。　

ABAB　Design　
A　single　subject　research　design　that　contains　a　baseline　（A1）；　treatment　（B1）；　a　second　baseline　（B2）　and　a　second　treatment　phase　（B2）　

Alpha　（lowercase小写字母）　
The　abbreviation　for　probability　of　error　in　statistical　results。　See　Type　I　Error。　（a）　

Alternative　Hypothesis　被择假设
The　hypothesis　that　states　there　is　a　difference　between　two　or　more　sets　of　data。　

Absolute　Zero
Characteristic　of　a　scale　of　measurement　that　contains　a　point　where　the　scale　has　no　value。

Acmodation　顺应
The　creation　of　new　cognitive　schemas　when　objects；　experiences；　or　other　information　does　not　fit　with　existing　schemas。

Action　Potential
The　firing　on　a　neuron。　Occurs　when　the　charge　inside　the　neuron　bees　more　positive　than　the　charge　outside。

Acetycholine乙酰胆碱　
A　neurotransmitter　associated　with　voluntary　movement；　sleep　and　wakefulness。

Aggressive
An　interpersonal　style　where　only　the　immediate　needs　of　the　self　are　considered　rather　than　the　needs　of　others。　（As　opposed　to　passive　or　assertive）　

Agoraphobia　广场恐怖症
An　anxiety　disorder　characterized　by　an　intense　fear　of　leaving　one's　home。　

All　or　None　Law　
Either　a　neuron　pletely　fires　or　it　does　not　fire　at　all。　

Alpha　（lowercase）
The　abbreviation　for　probability　of　error　in　statistical　results。　See　Type　I　Error。　（a）

Alternative　Hypothesis
The　hypothesis　that　states　there　is　a　difference　between　two　or　more　sets　of　data。

Altruism利他主义
Behavior　that　is　unselfish　and　may　even　be　detrimental　but　which　benefits　others。

Amnesia遗忘
Loss　of　memory。　Usually　only　a　partial　loss　such　as　for　a　period　of　time　or　biographical　information。

Amygdala　杏仁核
A　part　of　the　brain's　limbic　system　that　attaches　emotional　significance　to　information　and　mediates　both　defensive　and　aggressive　behavior。　

Anal　Expulsive　Personality
Stemming　from　the　Anal　stage；　a　child　who　bees　fixated　due　to　over　control　transfers　his　or　her　unresolved　anal　（or　control）　issues　into　characteristics　such　as　cruelty；　pushiness；　messiness；　or　disorganization。

Anal　Retentive　Personality
Stemming　from　the　Anal　stage；　a　child　who　bees　fixated　due　to　under　control　transfers　his　or　her　unresolved　anal　（or　control）　issues　into　characteristics　such　as　pulsivity；　stinginess；　cleanliness；　organization；　and　obstinance。

Anal　Stage
Freud's　second　stage　of　psychosexual　development　where　the　primary　sexual　focus　is　on　the　elimination　or　holding　onto　feces。　The　stage　is　often　thought　of　as　representing　a　child's　ability　to　control　his　or　her　own　world。

Analysis
See　Psychoanalysis。

Analysis　of　Variance
An　inferential　statistical　procedure　used　to　test　whether　or　not　the　means　of　two　or　more　sets　of　data　are　equal　to　each　other。

ANOVA
Analysis　of　Variance。

Anxiety
The　physiological　and　psychological　reaction　to　an　expected　danger；　whether　real　or　imagined。

Aphasia失语症
The　impairment　of　the　ability　to　municate　either　through　oral　or　written　discourse　as　a　result　of　brain　damage。

Approach…Approach　Conflict
The　conflict　presented　when　two　opposite　but　equally　appealing　choices　are　available　but　can　not　both　be　obtained。

Approach…Avoidance　Conflict　
The　conflict　presented　when　the　best　positive　choice　will　result　in　a　negative　oute　as　well　as　positive。　

Arousal　Theory唤醒理论
The　theory　stating　that　we　are　motivated　by　our　innate　desire　to　maintain　an　optimal　level　of　arousal。　

Assertive　武断
Style　of　interpersonal　interaction　where　both　the　needs　of　the　self　and　others　are　considered。　（As　opposed　to　passive　or　aggressive）　

Assimilation　
Incorporating　objects；　experiences；　or　information　into　existing　schemas。

Associations联想
The　phenomenon　in　learning　that　states　we　are　better　able　to　remember　information　if　it　is　paired　with　something　we　are　familiar　with　or　otherwise　stands　out。

Attachment　依恋
The　strong　bond　a　child　forms　with　his　or　her　primary　caregiver。

Attribution　归因
An　idea　or　belief　about　the　etiology　of　a　certain　behavior。　

Attribution　Theory　
The　theory　that　argues　people　look　for　explanation　of　behavior；　associating　either　dispositional　（internal）　attributes　or　situational　（external）　attributes。　

Authoritarian　＇parents＇　独裁
Parenting　style　focused　on　excessive　rules；　rigid　belief　systems；　and　the　expectation　of　unquestioned　obedience。

Autonomic　Nervous　System　植物神经系统
Part　of　the　peripheral周围神经系统　nervous　system　that　regulates　the　involuntary　actions　of　the　body　（e。g。；　breathing；　heart　rate；　blood　pressure；　pupil　dilation）。　Also　regulates　the　Fight　or　Flight　Phenomenon。　

Availability　Heuristic　启发
A　rule　of　thumb　stating　that　information　more　readily　available　in　our　memory　is　more　important　than　information　not　as　easily　accessible。

Aversion厌恶　Therapy　
A　type　of　behavioral　treatment　where　an　aversive　stimuli　is　paired　with　a　negative　behavior　in　hopes　that　the　behavior　will　change　in　the　future　to　avoid　the　aversive　stimuli。

Avoidance…Avoidance　Conflict　
The　conflict　where　both　possible　choices　have　an　equal　negative　oute。　

Axon轴突
The　tail…like　part　of　the　neuron　through　which　information　exits　the　cell。

B

Behavior　Modification矫正
The　application　of　behavioral　theory　to　change　a　specific　behavior。

Behavior　Therapy
The　application　of　behavioral　theory　（e。g。　conditioning；　reinforcement）　in　the　treatment　of　mental　illness。

Behaviorism
The　school　of　psychology　founded　on　the　premise前提　that　behavior　is　measurable　and　can　be　changed　through　the　application　of　various　behavioral　principles。

Bell…Shaped　Curve　钟型曲线
Also　referred　to　as　a　normal　distribution　or　normal　curve；　a　bell…shaped　curve　is　a　perfect　mesokurtic　curve　where　the　mean；　median；　and　mode　are　equal。

Beta　（uppercase）
Abbreviation　for　Power　in　statistical　results。　See　Type　II　Error。　（b）

Binocular　Cues　双眼线索
Visual　cues　（convergence　and　retinal　disparity）　that　require　both　eyes　to　perceive　distance　（as　opposed　to　monocular　cues）　

Bisexuality
Being　attracted　to　or　aroused　by　members　of　both　genders。　See　Sexual　Orientation。　

Blind　Study
As　a　way　to　avoid　the　placebo　effect安慰剂效应　in　research；　this　type　of　study　is　designed　without　the　subject's　knowledge　of　the　anticipated　results　and　sometimes　even　the　nature　of　the　study。　The　subjects　are　said　to　be　'blind'　to　the　expected　results。　

Broca’s　Aphasia失语症
An　aphasia　associated　with　damage　to　the　Broca's　area　of　the　brain；　demonstrated　by　the　impairment　in　producing　understandable　speech。　

Burnout精疲力尽
Changes　in　thoughts；　emotions；　and　behavior　as　a　result　of　extended　job　stress　and　unrewarded　repetition　of　duties。　Burnout　is　seen　as　extreme　dissatisfaction；　pessimism；　lowered　job　satisfaction；　and　a　desire　to　quit。　

C

Canonical　Correlation典型相关
A　correlational　technique　used　when　there　are　two　or　more　X　and　two　or　more　Y。　（Example：　The　correlation　between　（age　and　sex）　and　（ine　and　life　satisfaction）　

Castration　Anxiety阉割焦虑
According　to　Freud's　Stages　of　Psychosexual　Development；　the　fear　a　boy　in　the　phallic　stage　experiences　due　to　a　fear　that　his　father　will　render　him　powerless　if　his　father　finds　out　about　his　attraction　toward　his　mother。

Catharsis宣泄
The　emotional　release　associated　with　the　expression　of　unconscious　conflicts。

CEEB　Score
A　standard　score　that　sets　the　mean　to　five…hundred　and　standard　deviation　to　one…hundred。　Used　on　the　Scholastic　Aptitude　Test　（SAT）　

Cell　Body
The　main　part　of　a　neuron　where　the　information　is　processed。

Central　Nervous　System
The　brain　and　the　spinal　cord脊髓。

Central　Tendency　集中趋势
A　statistical　measurement　attempting　to　depict　the　average　score　in　a　distribution　（see　mean；　median；　and/or　mode）　

Centration　自我中心
A　young　child's　tendency　to　focus　only　on　his　or　her　own　perspective　of　a　specific　object　and　a　failure　to　understand　that　others　may　see　things　differently。　

Cerebellum　小脑
Part　of　the　brain　associated　with　balance；　smooth　movement；　and　posture。　

Cerebral　Hemispheres　
The　two　halves　of　the　brain　（right　and　left）　

Chemical　Imbalance　
A　generic　term　for　the　idea　that　chemical　in　the　brain　are　either　too　scarce　or　too　abundant　resulting　in　or　contributing　to　a　mental　disorder　such　as　schizophrenia精神分裂　or　bipolar　disorder躁狂。　Others　believe　that　the　disorder　precedes　the　imbalance；　suggesting　that　a　change　in　mood；　for　example；　changes　our　chemicals　rather　than　the　chemical　changing　our　mood。

Chunk　组块
A　unit　of　information　used　in　memory　

Chunking　
bining　smaller　units　of　measurement　or　chunks　into　larger　chunks。　（e。g。；　a　seven　chunk　phone　number　such　as　5…5…5…1…2…1…2　bees　a　five　chunk　number　such　as　5…5…5…12…12）　

Classical　Conditioning　
The　behavioral　technique　of　pairing　a　naturally　occurring　stimulus　and　response　chain　with　a　different　stimulus　in　order　to　produce　a　response　which　is　not　naturally　occurring。　

Client　Centered　Therapy　
A　humanistic　therapy　based　on　Carl　Roger's　beliefs　that　an　individual　has　an　unlimited　capacity　for　psychological　growth　and　will　continue　to　grow　unless　barriers　are　placed　in　the　way。
111
Coefficient　of　Determination　决