the+critique+of+pure+reason_纯粹理性批判-第97部分

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neither　as　a　model　for　production　nor　as　a　standard　for
appreciation。　They　may　be　termed；　though　improperly；　sensuous
ideals；　as　they　are　declared　to　be　models　of　certain　possible
empirical　intuitions。　They　cannot；　however；　furnish　rules　or　standards
for　explanation　or　examination　with
　　In　its　ideals；　reason　aims　at　plete　and　perfect　determination
according　to　a　priori　rules；　and　hence　it　cogitates　an　object；　which
must　be　pletely　determinable　in　conformity　with　principles；
although　all　empirical　conditions　are　absent；　and　the　conception　of
the　object　is　on　this　account　transcendent。

　　　　　　　SECTION　II。　Of　the　Transcendental　Ideal　（Prototypon
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Trancendentale）。

　　Every　conception　is；　in　relation　to　that　which　is　not　contained　in
it；　undetermined　and　subject　to　the　principle　of　determinability。　This
principle　is　that；　of　every　two　contradictorily　opposed　predicates；
only　one　can　belong　to　a　conception。　It　is　a　purely　logical　principle；
itself　based　upon　the　principle　of　contradiction；　inasmuch　as　it　makes
plete　abstraction　of　the　content　and　attends　merely　to　the
logical　form　of　the　cognition。
　　But　again；　everything；　as　regards　its　possibility；　is　also　subject
to　the　principle　of　plete　determination；　according　to　which　one
of　all　the　possible　contradictory　predicates　of　things　must　belong
to　it。　This　principle　is　not　based　merely　upon　that　of
contradiction；　for；　in　addition　to　the　relation　between　two
contradictory　predicates；　it　regards　everything　as　standing　in　a
relation　to　the　sum　of　possibilities；　as　the　sum　total　of　all
predicates　of　things；　and；　while　presupposing　this　sum　as　an　a
priori　condition；　presents　to　the　mind　everything　as　receiving　the
possibility　of　its　individual　existence　from　the　relation　it　bears　to；
and　the　share　it　possesses　in；　the　aforesaid　sum　of　possibilities。*
The　principle　of　plete　determination　relates　the　content　and　not　to
the　logical　form。　It　is　the　principle　of　the　synthesis　of　all　the
predicates　which　are　required　to　constitute　the　plete　conception　of
a　thing；　and　not　a　mere　principle　analytical　representation；　which
enounces　that　one　of　two　contradictory　predicates　must　belong　to　a
conception。　It　contains；　moreover；　a　transcendental　presupposition…
that；　namely；　of　the　material　for　all　possibility；　which　must
contain　a　priori　the　data　for　this　or　that　particular　possibility。

　　*Thus　this　principle　declares　everything　to　possess　a　relation　to
a　mon　correlate…　the　sum…total　of　possibility；　which；　if　discovered
to　exist　in　the　idea　of　one　individual　thing；　would　establish　the
affinity　of　all　possible　things；　from　the　identity　of　the　ground　of
their　plete　determination。　The　determinability　of　every
conception　is　subordinate　to　the　universality　（Allgemeinheit；
universalitas）　of　the　principle　of　excluded　middle；　the
determination　of　a　thing　to　the　totality　（Allheit；　universitas）　of　all
possible　predicates。

　　The　proposition；　Everything　which　exists　is　pletely　determined；
means　not　only　that　one　of　every　pair　of　given　contradictory
attributes；　but　that　one　of　all　possible　attributes；　is　always
predicable　of　the　thing；　in　it　the　predicates　are　not　merely
pared　logically　with　each　other；　but　the　thing　itself　is
transcendentally　pared　with　the　sum…total　of　all　possible
predicates。　The　proposition　is　equivalent　to　saying：　〃To　attain　to　a
plete　knowledge　of　a　thing；　it　is　necessary　to　possess　a
knowledge　of　everything　that　is　possible；　and　to　determine　it
thereby　in　a　positive　or　negative　manner。〃　The　conception　of
plete　determination　is　consequently　a　conception　which　cannot　be
presented　in　its　totality　in　concreto；　and　is　therefore　based　upon
an　idea；　which　has　its　seat　in　the　reason…　the　faculty　which
prescribes　to　the　understanding　the　laws　of　its　harmonious　and　perfect
exercise　relates
　　Now；　although　this　idea　of　the　sum…total　of　all　possibility；　in　so
far　as　it　forms　the　condition　of　the　plete　determination　of
everything；　is　itself　undetermined　in　relation　to　the　predicates　which
may　constitute　this　sum…total；　and　we　cogitate　in　it　merely　the
sum…total　of　all　possible　predicates…　we　nevertheless　find；　upon
closer　examination；　that　this　idea；　as　a　primitive　conception　of　the
mind；　excludes　a　large　number　of　predicates…　those　deduced　and　those
irreconcilable　with　others；　and　that　it　is　evolved　as　a　conception
pletely　determined　a　priori。　Thus　it　bees　the　conception　of　an
individual　object；　which　is　pletely　determined　by　and　through　the
mere　idea；　and　must　consequently　be　termed　an　ideal　of　pure　reason。
　　When　we　consider　all　possible　predicates；　not　merely　logically；
but　transcendentally；　that　is　to　say；　with　reference　to　the　content
which　may　be　cogitated　as　existing　in　them　a　priori；　we　shall　find
that　some　indicate　a　being；　others　merely　a　non…being。　The　logical
negation　expressed　in　the　word　not　does　not　properly　belong　to　a
conception；　but　only　to　the　relation　of　one　conception　to　another　in　a
judgement；　and　is　consequently　quite　insufficient　to　present　to　the
mind　the　content　of　a　conception。　The　expression　not　mortal　does　not
indicate　that　a　non…being　is　cogitated　in　the　object；　it　does　not
concern　the　content　at　all。　A　transcendental　negation；　on　the
contrary；　indicates　non…being　in　itself；　and　is　opposed　to
transcendental　affirmation；　the　conception　of　which　of　itself
expresses　a　being。　Hence　this　affirmation　indicates　a　reality；　because
in　and　through　it　objects　are　considered　to　be　something…　to　be
things；　while　the　opposite　negation；　on　the　other　band；　indicates　a
mere　want；　or　privation；　or　absence；　and；　where　such　negations　alone
are　attached　to　a　representation；　the　non…existence　of　anything
corresponding　to　the　representation。
　　Now　a　negation　cannot　be　cogitated　as　determined；　without　cogitating
at　the　same　time　the　opposite　affirmation。　The　man　born　blind　has
not　the　least　notion　of　darkness；　because　he　has　none　of　light；　the
vagabond　knows　nothing　of　poverty；　because　he　has　never　known　what
it　is　to　be　in　fort；*　the　ignorant　man　has　no　conception　of　his
ignorance；　because　he　has　no　conception　of　knowledge。　All
conceptions　of　negatives　are　accordingly　derived　or　deduced
conceptions；　and　realities　contain　the　data；　and；　so　to　speak；　the
material　or　transcendental　content　of　the　possibility　and　plete
determination　of　all　things。

　　*The　investigations　and　calculations　of　astronomers　have　taught　us
much　that　is　wonderful；　but　the　most　important　lesson　we　have　received
from　them　is　the　discovery　of　the　abyss　of　our　ignorance　in　relation
to　the　universe…　an　ignorance　the　magnitude　of　which　reason；　without
the　information　thus　derived；　could　never　have　conceived。　This
discovery　of　our　deficiencies　must　produce　a　great　change　in　the
determination　of　the　aims　of　human　reason。

　　If；　therefore；　a　transcendental　substratum　lies　at　the　foundation　of
the　plete　determination　of　things…　a　substratum　which　is　to　form
the　fund　from　which　all　possible　predicates　of　things　are　to　be
supplied；　this　substratum　cannot　be　anything　else　than　the　idea　of　a
sum…total　of　reality　（omnitudo　realitatis）。　In　this　view；　negations
are　nothing　but　limitations…　a　term　which　could　not；　with　propriety；
be　applied　to　them；　if　the　unlimited　（the　all）　did　not　form　the　true
basis　of　our　conception。
　　This　conception　of　a　sum…total　of　reality　is　the　conception　of　a
thing　in　itself；　regarded　as　pletely　determined；　and　the　conception
of　an　ens　realissimum　is　the　conception　of　an　individual　being；
inasmuch　as　it　is　determined　by　that　predicate　of　all　possible
contradictory　predicates；　which　indicates　and　belongs　to　being。　It　is；
therefore；　a　transcendental　ideal　which　forms　the　basis　of　the
plete　determination　of　everything　that　exists；　and　is　the　highest
material　condition　of　its　possibility…　a　condition　on　which　must
rest　the　cogitation　of　all　objects　with　respect　to　their　content。　Nay；
more；　this　ideal　is　the　only　proper　ideal　of　which　the　human　mind　is
capable；　because　in　this　case　alone　a　general　conception　of　a　thing　is
pletely　determined　by　and　through　itself；　and　cognized　as　the
representation　of　an　individuum。
　　The　logical　determination　of　a　conception　is　based　upon　a
disjunctive　syllogism；　the　major　of　which　contains　the　logical
division　of　the　extent　of　a　general　conception；　the　minor　limits
this　extent　to　a　certain　part；　while　the　conclusion　determines　the
conception　by　this　part。　The　general　conception　of　a　reality　cannot　be
divided　a　priori；　because；　without　the　aid　of　experience；　we　cannot
know　any　determinate　kinds　of　reality；　standing　under　the　former　as
the　genus。　The　transcendental　principle　of　the　plete
determination　of　all　things　is　therefore　merely　the　representation
of　the　sum…total　of　all　reality；　it　is　not　a　conception　which　is　the
genus　of　all　predicates　under　itself；　but　one　which　prehends　them
all　within　itself。　The　plete　determination　of　a　thing　is
consequently　based　upon　the　limitation　of　this　total　of　reality；　so
much　being　predicated　of　the　thing；　while　all　that　remains　over　is
excluded…　a　procedure　which　is　in　exact　agreement　with　that　of　the
disjunctive　syllogism　and　the　determination　of　the　objects　in　the
conclusion　by　one　of