the+critique+of+pure+reason_纯粹理性批判-第87部分

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absurd。　But　I　cannot　believe　that　there　is　any　justice　in　this
accusation。　The　first　of　these　propositions　I　shall　presently　consider
in　a　more　detailed　manner。　With　regard　to　the　others；　if　by　the　word
of　God　he　understood　merely　the　Universe；　his　meaning　must　have
been…　that　it　cannot　be　permanently　present　in　one　place…　that　is；
at　rest…　nor　be　capable　of　changing　its　place…　that　is；　of　moving…
because　all　places　are　in　the　universe；　and　the　universe　itself　is；
therefore；　in　no　place。　Again；　if　the　universe　contains　in　itself
everything　that　exists；　it　cannot　be　similar　or　dissimilar　to　any
other　thing；　because　there　is；　in　fact；　no　other　thing　with　which　it
can　be　pared。　If　two　opposite　judgements　presuppose　a　contingent
impossible；　or　arbitrary　condition；　both…　in　spite　of　their　opposition
（which　is；　however；　not　properly　or　really　a　contradiction）…　fall
away；　because　the　condition；　which　ensured　the　validity　of　both；　has
itself　disappeared。
　　If　we　say：　〃Everybody　has　either　a　good　or　a　bad　smell；〃　we　have
omitted　a　third　possible　judgement…　it　has　no　smell　at　all；　and　thus
both　conflicting　statements　may　be　false。　If　we　say：　〃It　is　either
good…smelling　or　not　good…smelling　（vel　suaveolens　vel
non…suaveolens）；〃　both　judgements　are　contradictorily　opposed；　and　the
contradictory　opposite　of　the　former　judgement…　some　bodies　are　not
good…smelling…　embraces　also　those　bodies　which　have　no　smell　at
all。　In　the　preceding　pair　of　opposed　judgements　（per　disparata）；
the　contingent　condition　of　the　conception　of　body　（smell）　attached　to
both　conflicting　statements；　instead　of　having　been　omitted　in　the
latter；　which　is　consequently　not　the　contradictory　opposite　of　the
former。
　　If；　accordingly；　we　say：　〃The　world　is　either　infinite　in　extension；
or　it　is　not　infinite　（non　est　infinitus）〃；　and　if　the　former
proposition　is　false；　its　contradictory　opposite…　the　world　is　not
infinite…　must　be　true。　And　thus　I　should　deny　the　existence　of　an
infinite；　without；　however　affirming　the　existence　of　a　finite
world。　But　if　we　construct　our　proposition　thus：　〃The　world　is
either　infinite　or　finite　（non…infinite）；〃　both　statements　may　be
false。　For；　in　this　case；　we　consider　the　world　as　per　se　determined
in　regard　to　quantity；　and　while；　in　the　one　judgement；　we　deny　its
infinite　and　consequently；　perhaps；　its　independent　existence；　in
the　other；　we　append　to　the　world；　regarded　as　a　thing　in　itself；　a
certain　determination…　that　of　finitude；　and　the　latter　may　be　false
as　well　as　the　former；　if　the　world　is　not　given　as　a　thing　in　itself；
and　thus　neither　as　finite　nor　as　infinite　in　quantity。　This　kind　of
opposition　I　may　be　allowed　to　term　dialectical；　that　of
contradictories　may　be　called　analytical　opposition。　Thus　then；　of　two
dialectically　opposed　judgements　both　may　be　false；　from　the　fact；
that　the　one　is　not　a　mere　contradictory　of　the　other；　but　actually
enounces　more　than　is　requisite　for　a　full　and　plete　contradiction。
　　When　we　regard　the　two　propositions…　〃The　world　is　infinite　in
quantity；〃　and；　〃The　world　is　finite　in　quantity；〃　as　contradictory
opposites；　we　are　assuming　that　the　world…　the　plete　series　of
phenomena…　is　a　thing　in　itself。　For　it　remains　as　a　permanent
quantity；　whether　I　deny　the　infinite　or　the　finite　regress　in　the
series　of　its　phenomena。　But　if　we　dismiss　this　assumption…　this
transcendental　illusion…　and　deny　that　it　is　a　thing　in　itself；　the
contradictory　opposition　is　metamorphosed　into　a　merely　dialectical
one；　and　the　world；　as　not　existing　in　itself…　independently　of　the
regressive　series　of　my　representations…　exists　in　like　manner　neither
as　a　whole　which　is　infinite　nor　as　a　whole　which　is　finite　in　itself。
The　universe　exists　for　me　only　in　the　empirical　regress　of　the　series
of　phenomena　and　not　per　se。　If；　then；　it　is　always　conditioned；　it　is
never　pletely　or　as　a　whole；　and　it　is；　therefore；　not　an
unconditioned　whole　and　does　not　exist　as　such；　either　with　an
infinite；　or　with　a　finite　quantity。
　　What　we　have　here　said　of　the　first　cosmological　idea…　that　of　the
absolute　totality　of　quantity　in　phenomena…　applies　also　to　the
others。　The　series　of　conditions　is　discoverable　only　in　the
regressive　synthesis　itself；　and　not　in　the　phenomenon　considered　as　a
thing　in　itself…　given　prior　to　all　regress。　Hence　I　am　pelled　to
say：　〃The　aggregate　of　parts　in　a　given　phenomenon　is　in　itself
neither　finite　nor　infinite；　and　these　parts　are　given　only　in　the
regressive　synthesis　of　deposition…　a　synthesis　which　is　never
given　in　absolute　pleteness；　either　as　finite；　or　as　infinite。〃　The
same　is　the　case　with　the　series　of　subordinated　causes；　or　of　the
conditioned　up　to　the　unconditioned　and　necessary　existence；　which　can
never　be　regarded　as　in　itself；　ind　in　its　totality；　either　as
finite　or　as　infinite；　because；　as　a　series　of　subordinate
representations；　it　subsists　only　in　the　dynamical　regress　and
cannot　be　regarded　as　existing　previously　to　this　regress；　or　as　a
self…subsistent　series　of　things。
　　Thus　the　antinomy　of　pure　reason　in　its　cosmological　ideas
disappears。　For　the　above　demonstration　has　established　the　fact
that　it　is　merely　the　product　of　a　dialectical　and　illusory
opposition；　which　arises　from　the　application　of　the　idea　of
absolute　totality…　admissible　only　as　a　condition　of　things　in
themselves…　to　phenomena；　which　exist　only　in　our　representations；
and…　when　constituting　a　series…　in　a　successive　regress。　This
antinomy　of　reason　may；　however；　be　really　profitable　to　our
speculative　interests；　not　in　the　way　of　contributing　any　dogmatical
addition；　but　as　presenting　to　us　another　material　support　in　our
critical　investigations。　For　it　furnishes　us　with　an　indirect　proof　of
the　transcendental　ideality　of　phenomena；　if　our　minds　were　not
pletely　satisfied　with　the　direct　proof　set　forth　in　the
Trancendental　Aesthetic。　The　proof　would　proceed　in　the　following
dilemma。　If　the　world　is　a　whole　existing　in　itself；　it　must　be　either
finite　or　infinite。　But　it　is　neither　finite　nor　infinite…　as　has　been
shown；　on　the　one　side；　by　the　thesis；　on　the　other；　by　the
antithesis。　Therefore　the　world…　the　content　of　all　phenomena…　is
not　a　whole　existing　in　itself。　It　follows　that　phenomena　are　nothing；
apart　from　our　representations。　And　this　is　what　we　mean　by
transcendental　ideality。
　　This　remark　is　of　some　importance。　It　enables　us　to　see　that　the
proofs　of　the　fourfold　antinomy　are　not　mere　sophistries…　are　not
fallacious；　but　grounded　on　the　nature　of　reason；　and　valid…　under　the
supposition　that　phenomena　are　things　in　themselves。　The　opposition　of
the　judgements　which　follow　makes　it　evident　that　a　fallacy　lay　in　the
initial　supposition；　and　thus　helps　us　to　discover　the　true
constitution　of　objects　of　sense。　This　transcendental　dialectic　does
not　favour　scepticism；　although　it　presents　us　with　a　triumphant
demonstration　of　the　advantages　of　the　sceptical　method；　the　great
utility　of　which　is　apparent　in　the　antinomy；　where　the　arguments　of
reason　were　allowed　to　confront　each　other　in　undiminished　force。
And　although　the　result　of　these　conflicts　of　reason　is　not　what　we
expected…　although　we　have　obtained　no　positive　dogmatical　addition　to
metaphysical　science…　we　have　still　reaped　a　great　advantage　in　the
correction　of　our　judgements　on　these　subjects　of　thought。

　　　　　SECTION　VIII。　Regulative　Principle　of　Pure　Reason　in　relation
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　to　the　Cosmological　Ideas。

　　The　cosmological　principle　of　totality　could　not　give　us　any　certain
knowledge　in　regard　to　the　maximum　in　the　series　of　conditions　in
the　world　of　sense；　considered　as　a　thing　in　itself。　The　actual
regress　in　the　series　is　the　only　means　of　approaching　this　maximum。
This　principle　of　pure　reason；　therefore；　may　still　be　considered　as
valid…　not　as　an　axiom　enabling　us　to　cogitate　totality　in　the
object　as　actual；　but　as　a　problem　for　the　understanding；　which
requires　it　to　institute　and　to　continue；　in　conformity　with　the
idea　of　totality　in　the　mind；　the　regress　in　the　series　of　the
conditions　of　a　given　conditioned。　For　in　the　world　of　sense；　that　is；
in　space　and　time；　every　condition　which　we　discover　in　our
investigation　of　phenomena　is　itself　conditioned；　because　sensuous
objects　are　not　things　in　themselves　（in　which　case　an　absolutely
unconditioned　might　be　reached　in　the　progress　of　cognition）；　but
are　merely　empirical　representations　the　conditions　of　which　must
always　be　found　in　intuition。　The　principle　of　reason　is　therefore
properly　a　mere　rule…　prescribing　a　regress　in　the　series　of
conditions　for　given　phenomena；　and　prohibiting　any　pause　or　rest　on
an　absolutely　unconditioned。　It　is；　therefore；　not　a　principle　of
the　possibility　of　experience　or　of　the　empirical　cognition　of
sensuous　objects…　consequently　not　a　principle　of　the　understanding；
for　every　experience　is　confined　within　certain　proper　limits
determined　by　the　given　intuition。　Still　less　is　it　a　constitutive
principle　of　reason　authorizing　us　to　extend　our　conception　of　the
sensuous　world　beyond　all　possible　experience。　It　is　merely　a
principle　for　the　enlargement　and　extension　of　experience　as　f