the+critique+of+pure+reason_纯粹理性批判-第73部分

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idea　of　the　subject　of　our　thought；　and　the　conceptions　of　reason　gave
no　ground　to　maintain　the　contrary　proposition。　The　advantage　is
pletely　on　the　side　of　Pneumatism；　although　this　theory　itself
passes　into　naught；　in　the　crucible　of　pure　reason。
　　Very　different　is　the　case　when　we　apply　reason　to　the　objective
synthesis　of　phenomena。　Here；　certainly；　reason　establishes；　with　much
plausibility；　its　principle　of　unconditioned　unity；　but　it　very　soon
falls　into　such　contradictions　that　it　is　pelled；　in　relation　to
cosmology；　to　renounce　its　pretensions。
　　For　here　a　new　phenomenon　of　human　reason　meets　us…　a　perfectly
natural　antithetic；　which　does　not　require　to　be　sought　for　by
subtle　sophistry；　but　into　which　reason　of　itself　unavoidably　falls。
It　is　thereby　preserved；　to　be　sure；　from　the　slumber　of　a　fancied
conviction…　which　a　merely　one…sided　illusion　produces；　but　it　is　at
the　same　time　pelled；　either；　on　the　one　hand；　to　abandon　itself　to
a　despairing　scepticism；　or；　on　the　other；　to　assume　a　dogmatical
confidence　and　obstinate　persistence　in　certain　assertions；　without
granting　a　fair　hearing　to　the　other　side　of　the　question。　Either　is
the　death　of　a　sound　philosophy；　although　the　former　might　perhaps
deserve　the　title　of　the　euthanasia　of　pure　reason。
　　Before　entering　this　region　of　discord　and　confusion；　which　the
conflict　of　the　laws　of　pure　reason　（antinomy）　produces；　we　shall
present　the　reader　with　some　considerations；　in　explanation　and
justification　of　the　method　we　intend　to　follow　in　our　treatment　of
this　subject。　I　term　all　transcendental　ideas；　in　so　far　as　they
relate　to　the　absolute　totality　in　the　synthesis　of　phenomena；
cosmical　conceptions；　partly　on　account　of　this　unconditioned
totality；　on　which　the　conception　of　the　world…whole　is　based…　a
conception；　which　is　itself　an　idea…　partly　because　they　relate　solely
to　the　synthesis　of　phenomena…　the　empirical　synthesis；　while；　on
the　other　hand；　the　absolute　totality　in　the　synthesis　of　the
conditions　of　all　possible　things　gives　rise　to　an　ideal　of　pure
reason；　which　is　quite　distinct　from　the　cosmical　conception；　although
it　stands　in　relation　with　it。　Hence；　as　the　paralogisms　of　pure
reason　laid　the　foundation　for　a　dialectical　psychology；　the
antinomy　of　pure　reason　will　present　us　with　the　transcendental
principles　of　a　pretended　pure　（rational）　cosmology…　not；　however；
to　declare　it　valid　and　to　appropriate　it；　but…　as　the　very　term　of
a　conflict　of　reason　sufficiently　indicates；　to　present　it　as　an
idea　which　cannot　be　reconciled　with　phenomena　and　experience。

　　　　　　　　　　　SECTION　I。　System　of　Cosmological　Ideas。

　　That　We　may　be　able　to　enumerate　with　systematic　precision　these
ideas　according　to　a　principle；　we　must　remark；　in　the　first　place；
that　it　is　from　the　understanding　alone　that　pure　and　transcendental
conceptions　take　their　origin；　that　the　reason　does　not　properly
give　birth　to　any　conception；　but　only　frees　the　conception　of　the
understanding　from　the　unavoidable　limitation　of　a　possible
experience；　and　thus　endeavours　to　raise　it　above　the　empirical；
though　it　must　still　be　in　connection　with　it。　This　happens　from　the
fact　that；　for　a　given　conditioned；　reason　demands　absolute　totality
on　the　side　of　the　conditions　（to　which　the　understanding　submits
all　phenomena）；　and　thus　makes　of　the　category　a　transcendental
idea。　This　it　does　that　it　may　be　able　to　give　absolute　pleteness
to　the　empirical　synthesis；　by　continuing　it　to　the　unconditioned
（which　is　not　to　be　found　in　experience；　but　only　in　the　idea）。　Reason
requires　this　according　to　the　principle：　If　the　conditioned　is
given　the　whole　of　the　conditions；　and　consequently　the　absolutely
unconditioned；　is　also　given；　whereby　alone　the　former　was　possible。
First；　then；　the　transcendental　ideas　are　properly　nothing　but
categories　elevated　to　the　unconditioned；　and　they　may　be　arranged
in　a　table　according　to　the　titles　of　the　latter。　But；　secondly；　all
the　categories　are　not　available　for　this　purpose；　but　only　those　in
which　the　synthesis　constitutes　a　series…　of　conditions　subordinated
to；　not　co…ordinated　with；　each　other。　Absolute　totality　is　required
of　reason　only　in　so　far　as　concerns　the　ascending　series　of　the
conditions　of　a　conditioned；　not；　consequently；　when　the　question
relates　to　the　descending　series　of　consequences；　or　to　the
aggregate　of　the　co…ordinated　conditions　of　these　consequences。　For；
in　relation　to　a　given　conditioned；　conditions　are　presupposed　and
considered　to　be　given　along　with　it。　On　the　other　hand；　as　the
consequences　do　not　render　possible　their　conditions；　but　rather
presuppose　them…　in　the　consideration　of　the　procession　of
consequences　（or　in　the　descent　from　the　given　condition　to　the
conditioned）；　we　may　be　quite　unconcerned　whether　the　series　ceases　or
not；　and　their　totality　is　not　a　necessary　demand　of　reason。
　　Thus　we　cogitate…　and　necessarily…　a　given　time　pletely　elapsed
up　to　a　given　moment；　although　that　time　is　not　determinable　by　us。
But　as　regards　time　future；　which　is　not　the　condition　of　arriving
at　the　present；　in　order　to　conceive　it；　it　is　quite　indifferent
whether　we　consider　future　time　as　ceasing　at　some　point；　or　as
prolonging　itself　to　infinity。　Take；　for　example；　the　series　m；　n；
o；　in　which　n　is　given　as　conditioned　in　relation　to　m；　but　at　the
same　time　as　the　condition　of　o；　and　let　the　series　proceed　upwards
from　the　conditioned　n　to　m　（l；　k；　i；　etc。）；　and　also　downwards　from
the　condition　n　to　the　conditioned　o　（p；　q；　r；　etc。）…　I　must
presuppose　the　former　series；　to　be　able　to　consider　n　as　given；　and　n
is　according　to　reason　（the　totality　of　conditions）　possible　only　by
means　of　that　series。　But　its　possibility　does　not　rest　on　the
following　series　o；　p；　q；　r；　which　for　this　reason　cannot　be
regarded　as　given；　but　only　as　capable　of　being　given　（dabilis）。
　　I　shall　term　the　synthesis　of　the　series　on　the　side　of　the
conditions…　from　that　nearest　to　the　given　phenomenon　up　to　the　more
remote…　regressive；　that　which　proceeds　on　the　side　of　the
conditioned；　from　the　immediate　consequence　to　the　more　remote；　I
shall　call　the　progressive　synthesis。　The　former　proceeds　in
antecedentia；　the　latter　in　consequentia。　The　cosmological　ideas　are
therefore　occupied　with　the　totality　of　the　regressive　synthesis；
and　proceed　in　antecedentia；　not　in　consequentia。　When　the　latter
takes　place；　it　is　an　arbitrary　and　not　a　necessary　problem　of　pure
reason；　for　we　require；　for　the　plete　understanding　of　what　is
given　in　a　phenomenon；　not　the　consequences　which　succeed；　but　the
grounds　or　principles　which　precede。
　　In　order　to　construct　the　table　of　ideas　in　correspondence　with
the　table　of　categories；　we　take　first　the　two　primitive　quanta　of　all
our　intuitions；　time　and　space。　Time　is　in　itself　a　series　（and　the
formal　condition　of　all　series）；　and　hence；　in　relation　to　a　given
present；　we　must　distinguish　a　priori　in　it　the　antecedentia　as
conditions　（time　past）　from　the　consequentia　（time　future）。
Consequently；　the　transcendental　idea　of　the　absolute　totality　of
the　series　of　the　conditions　of　a　given　conditioned；　relates　merely　to
all　past　time。　According　to　the　idea　of　reason；　the　whole　past　time；
as　the　condition　of　the　given　moment；　is　necessarily　cogitated　as
given。　But；　as　regards　space；　there　exists　in　it　no　distinction
between　progressus　and　regressus；　for　it　is　an　aggregate　and　not　a
series…　its　parts　existing　together　at　the　same　time。　I　can　consider　a
given　point　of　time　in　relation　to　past　time　only　as　conditioned；
because　this　given　moment　es　into　existence　only　through　the　past
time　rather　through　the　passing　of　the　preceding　time。　But　as　the
parts　of　space　are　not　subordinated；　but　co…ordinated　to　each　other；
one　part　cannot　be　the　condition　of　the　possibility　of　the　other；
and　space　is　not　in　itself；　like　time；　a　series。　But　the　synthesis
of　the　manifold　parts　of　space…　（the　syntheses　whereby　we　apprehend
space）…　is　nevertheless　successive；　it　takes　place；　therefore；　in
time；　and　contains　a　series。　And　as　in　this　series　of　aggregated
spaces　（for　example；　the　feet　in　a　rood）；　beginning　with　a　given
portion　of　space；　those　which　continue　to　be　annexed　form　the
condition　of　the　limits　of　the　former…　the　measurement　of　a　space　must
also　be　regarded　as　a　synthesis　of　the　series　of　the　conditions　of　a
given　conditioned。　It　differs；　however；　in　this　respect　from　that　of
time；　that　the　side　of　the　conditioned　is　not　in　itself
distinguishable　from　the　side　of　the　condition；　and；　consequently；
regressus　and　progressus　in　space　seem　to　be　identical。　But；
inasmuch　as　one　part　of　space　is　not　given；　but　only　limited；　by　and
through　another；　we　must　also　consider　every　limited　space　as
conditioned；　in　so　far　as　it　presupposes　some　other　space　as　the
condition　of　its　limitation；　and　so　on。　As　regards　limitation；
therefore；　our　procedure　in　space　is　also　a　regressus；　and　the
transcendental　idea　of　the　absolute　totality　of　the　synthesis　in　a
series　of　conditions　applies　to　space　also；　and　I　am　entitled　to
demand　the　absolute　totality　of　the　phenomenal　synthesis　in　space　as
well　as　in　time。　Whet