观音玄义 性恶问题之探讨-第4部分
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述皆是緣了因之性德善種子,而在「料簡緣了」部份,則是進一步地探
索既然有緣因性德善種子,是否同樣有性德惡種子呢?就緣因而論,「
緣因」是有無量多的,有性德善種子,同樣地,亦有性德惡種子,此皆
是就「緣」上而論,既是「緣」,應知其無自性。所以,更須透過般若
智慧之觀照,了達法無自性之道理,而達於「非緣非了的正因佛性。」
正因佛性者,實相也。
就三因佛性言,真正代表實相涵義的是正因佛性,此可從《法華玄
義》論述實相體得知,此中取三軌(資成軌、觀照軌、真性軌)之真性
軌為實相之代表,(裕А26) 而三軌與三佛性類通,真性軌類通正因佛性
。(裕А27) 由此我們可得知,正因佛性是實相,即三因佛性代表實相,
是正因佛性。
所謂正因(佛性),是指非緣(因)非了(因),也就是緣因無自
性,了因無自性,緣了二因皆是因緣所生法,不可偏執,如此即是正因
佛性,即是實相。
再就三因佛性之關係而言,緣因、了因、正因彼此不相捨離,不能
離緣了二因而談正因佛性,即不能離緣了二因而求正因。反過來說,若
離緣了二因,即無正因可言。因此,我們可了解三因關係是不相捨離的
。同樣地道理,不可離「緣」「了」二因而求實相。
第二項 三因佛性與空假中
以三因來探討根由,無異是就「空」「假」「中」來論述。「正因
」代表「中」,「緣因」代表「假」,「了因」代表「空」。三因佛性
與空假中有著密切之關係。
就因緣所生法,無不是假名施設而言,「緣因」亦復如是,此為「
假」也。同樣地,因緣所生法,法皆無自性,「因」亦是無自性,此為
「空」也。不管言「假」或言「空」,皆須了達其無自性,不可偏執,
此即是「中」,猶如了達「非緣非了」之正因。
而「空」「假」「中」三者不相捨離,離「空」「假」無「中」可
言,同樣地,離「緣」「了」因,無「正因」可言。以「緣」資助於「
了」,以顯發「正因」,即是此意。能就「緣」上論性德善,同樣地,
可就「緣」上論性德惡,若能了達此性德善惡皆無自性,不可偏執,不
定性化,即是正因,亦即是中道實相。
《觀音玄義》論述性德善惡,主要是針對涅槃時鈍根眾生而說的法
,藉此「緣了」
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(裕А26) 如《法華玄義》云:「三、正顯體者,即一實相印也,三軌之
中取真性軌。」(大正33?779下)。此即以真性軌代表實相。
(裕А27) 參大正33?744,有關三軌類通三因佛性部份。
189 頁
根源之探討,以引導眾生悟人「非緣非了」之正因,即悟人諸法實相之
道理,所謂「通達惡際即是實際」也。
第五節 對學者主張天台性惡說之省思
近代學者往往認為「性惡說」為天台思想之特色,持此見解者,在
於並不了解《觀音玄義》所談之性德善惡乃是基於「緣了」上來說,縱
使知道是就「緣了」上來說,卻往往將「緣了」因當成本體(或存有)
來理解。 ( 裕А28) 甚且他們並洠в邪l現《觀音玄義》「料簡緣了」這
段文字已不合乎天台義理思想,反認為此中所提之性惡為天台思想之極
至。而為何會如此呢?基本上在於他們是從本體(或存有)的觀點來理
解天台思想,所以把《觀音玄義》「料簡緣了」這段文字視為天台思想
之極點,而不覺有任何不妥處,反而依此大大倡言天台思想是主張性惡
說。持此論點者有安藤俊雄、張瑞良、慧帲Х◣煹热恕#ā≡' 29)
另外像佐藤哲英雖透過文獻資料來考查,其認為《觀音玄義》是灌
頂法師之著作,(裕А30) 且性惡說的創倡人是灌頂法師,(裕А31) 而非
天台智者大師。然基本上仍肯定性惡說為天台思想之特伲皇莿摮
是灌頂法師,而非智者大師之差別而已。
不管主張性惡說是智者大師,抑是灌頂法師,其基本模式卻是一致
的,認為性惡說為天台思想之核心。而此皆可說铡饬恕妇壛恕剐缘律
惡所致,或言以「性具」為天台思想所導致的結果。皆是於「性具」、
「性惡」之「性」理解偏差所造成的。
若依據佐藤哲英文獻考查之判斷《觀音玄義》非智者大師之著作,
那麼更不當視性惡說為天台思想之核心,也許是灌頂法師於天台思想把
握上有所偏離所致。若如此,《觀音玄義》「性惡說」之論眨嘀档
吾人深入反省檢討。而主張由「性具」推演出「性惡說」的觀點,亦值
得吾人進一步深思。
(本文摘錄自拙著《天台緣起中道實相論》一書第八章)
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(裕А28) 如牟宗三對「性德」之解釋,其云:「性德者,『法性無住,
法性即無明』(轉語為一念無明法性心) 所本具之一切法也。
一切法為法性無住所本具,即名曰「性德」,法性之德也。德
者,得也。具足本有之謂德。既言性具百界( 三千世間 ),則
可言性德惡與性德善」(《佛性與般若》,頁869)。由此我們
可以看出牟宗三對「性」之界定,且由「性具」觀念來說明性
德惡、性德善之可能,因為性具百界,理應有性德惡、性德善
。即「性」本身具如一切法。
(裕А29) 詳細請參第一節裕А1。而有關論證部份可參拙著《天台緣起中
道實相論》第十章。
(裕А30) 參裕А1有關佐藤哲英之部份及裕А5。
(裕А31) 同上 。
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A Study of the Vice Problem in The Significance of
Kuangyin Sutra
Chen Ying…shan
Assorciate Researcher;Chung…Hwa Insitute of Buddhist
Studies
Summary
Of late years; some scholars of the Tien…tai
school have regarded the idea of vice as one of the
characteristics of the school。 In The Significance
of Kuangyin ‘sutra‘ the idea of vice is clearly
stated; and quite a few words are written to explain
it。 Therefore; based on this fact some scholars
speak and write in support of the theory that the
Tien…tai school is characteristic of the idea of
vice。 In fact; they do not understand what the idea
of vice really means; arbitrarily considering the
vice to be the central idea of the Tien…tai school。
And there are still some others who are confident
that the vice is born by nature。
However; in accordance with the studies by the
author; the idea of vice in The Significance of
Kuangyin ‘Sutra‘ es from the idea of environing
cause and revealing cause。 It is a special way for
all the flesh of gradual attainment of the Tien…tai
five divisions; leading the flesh to the
Buddha…nature of non…environment and non…causation。
This is the very purpose of virtue and vice;
different from what recent scholars understand。 For
instance; recent scholars try to understand the
virtue and vice of developing cause in。 The
Significance of Kuangyin ‘Sutra‘; through the
originality of all dharmas。 Thus; the idea of vice
bees the inevitability of nature…possession。。。
nature itself is possessed of
all dharmas and inevitably is inclusive of vice。
Those who are of this opinion believe that the
Tien…tai thought is of nature…possession; and must
lead to the idea of vice; which forms one of its
features。 If we look at such a problem from the
standpoints of conditional causation; the mean; and
realitythe teachings of the Tien…tai school; we
are easy to find that the nature…possession and the
idea of vice are contradictory to each other。
Yet; in The Significance of Kuangyin ‘Sutra‘
some ideas are stated not so well
191頁
that they raise some difficulities to the theory
of reality。
In order to solve the problems mentioned
above; the following chapters intend to make a study
of the structure and system of The Significance of
Kuangyin ‘Sutra‘; then to have an understanding of
the virtue and vice in developing cause; and finally
to take a look at the vice problem through the
Tien…tai conditional causation; the mean; and
reality。