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6)Signature:Put your name(always handwritten).

The table below will give you a more visual presentation of the
letter form:


 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 

 
 


33.4 Language(语言)

The style and tone of a personal letter(个人书信的写作风格和笔调)differ from those of a
business letter.While the
former is casual(随便自然),the
latter is formal(正规).A
business letter should be polite in tone(笔调客气),exact and concise in wording(选词精确、恰当).However,for either of them,the style should be clear and direct(清晰、达意).Also,paragraphs in
business letters tend to be short.The first and last paragraphs are usually single…sentence paragraphs.

33.5 Advice on How to Write English Letters in CET—4Exams

1)Carefully read the directions and the requirements,distinguish the type of the letter:a personal
letter or a business letter.

2)Be clear about the purpose of the writing,and what you are to express in the letter.

3)Write according to the appropriate form.Pay attention to the different writing requirements of a personal
and business letter.

4)Try to be clear,direct,concise in your writing,avoiding too
many plimentary words.

Model of a Business Letter:

Department of puter Science

Southeast University

Nanjing,Jiangsu Province 210025

People's Republic of China

February 8,1996

Office of Foreign Students

Yale University

New Haven,Connecticut,06520

U.S.A.

Dear Sir/Madame:

I am a senior at the Department of puter Science,Southeast University,expecting to graduate in July this
year.I am writing
to inquire about the possibility of being enrolled in your university as a
graduate student as of September,1994.

In the past three years,I have majored in puter Science.Presently,I am doing my graduation project.Enclosed is the transcript of all the subjects which I have so far
pleted at my university.I received an excellent score in the College English Test Band…Six(CET…6)sponsored by the Educational mission of China and therefore my
knowledge of English is adequate for me to continue my studies in the U.S.A.

Please send me information on admission to your univetsity.As I have no relatives in the U.S.A.,I would also
like to know about the procedures for applying for finacial aid.

Thank you very much.I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours sincerely,

(Mr.)Zhang Hua

Writing Assignment for
Unit 33

指示:你原计划要回家度暑假。写一封信告诉家人你现在决定不回去了,并解释原因。请在30分钟内写完。

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第三十四单元 转换词语Transitional Words and Phrases

  

34.1 Introduction

In the writing of English positions,we have to use transitional words or phrases in order to make
logical connections between individual sentences and paragraphs as well as
enhance the overall coherence of an essay.Otnerwise,the paragraph or the essaywill be loosely connected.To see the difference,let's pare the following two
versions of a paragraph:

  

(1)

  

Speaking and writing are different in many ways.Speech depends on sounds.Writing uses written symbols.Speech developed about 500,000 years ago.Written language is a paratively
recent development.It was invented only about six thousand years ago.Speech is usually Informal.The word choice in writing is often
relatively formal.Pronunciation
and accent are ignored in writing.A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the
writtenlanguage of most countries.Speech relies on gesture,loudness,and the rise and fall of the voice.Writing lacks gesture,loudness,and the rise and fall of the voice.Careful speakers and writers are aware of the difference.

  

(2)

  

Speaking and writing are different in many ways.Speech depends on sounds;writing,on the other hand,uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500,000 years ago,but written
language is a paratively recent development,invented only about six thousand years ago.Speech is usually informal,while the word choice of writing,by contrast,is often relatively formal.Although pronunciation and accent are
ignored in writing,a standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written
language of most countries.Speech relies on gesture,loudness,and the rise and fall of the voice,but writing lacks these features.Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.

34.2 Analysis of the above two versions

In paragraph(1),almost all
connections are missing.Therefore,it is rather difficult for us to tell in how many ways speaking and
writing are different.In paragraph(2),however,by using the six parsion and
contrast transitions,“on the other hand”,“but”,“while”,“by contrast”and“although”,we can easily identify that speaking and writing are different in
six aspects.

34.3 常用的转换词语类型(Types of monly Used
Transitional Words or Phrases)

1)Listing列举

first,second,third

firstly,secondly,thirdly

first,furthermore,finally

in the first place,in the second place,finally

last but not least

first and most important

to begin with,next,then,finally

the former…the latter the first step,the second step,the

next step

2)Illustrating(giving examples)说明(举例)

for example(f.e.)                           including

for instance(i.d.)                            mainly

namely                                                 such
as

3)Emphasizing强调

obviously                                    certainly

undoubtedly                                especially

surely                                         above     all

indeed                                        most      important of    all

in                                               fact most       importantly

very                                           likely

4)Paralleling并列

or            that
is,that's to say           not
only…but(also)

and          in
other words                    both…and                     as
well as

neither…nor                                      either…or

5)Adding补充

also(too)           gain                      furthermore

further                  moreover              what
is more

then                      in
addition             besides

as                         well(as)

6)parison and Contrast比较与对照

paratives:the same…as;be similar to;and….,too;

(比较连接词)and…so…;not…and…not…,either;not

…neither…;both…and…;neither…nor…;

Just as…,so…;resemble;have…in mon;

There are similarities between…and…

in the same way;equally important;

similarly

Contrastives:be…adj./adv.+ er…than;more…than…;

(对照连接词)less…than…;not so…as;Unlike…/

Contrary to…/As opposed to…;Although/

Whereas/While;contrast with/differ from/

be different from;however/on the other

hand/in contrast

7)Time时间

now                 in
the past          until

soon                recently              after
a while

later                 nowadays           not
long after

then                 while                 in
the mean time

before              since                  meanwhile

8)Space Order空间

under the table                       in
the distance

on the hilltop                         across
the river

in front of the room               next
to the door

in the back of the room          on the front
wall

on the tenth floor                   along
the street

nearby                                  far
away

inside the house                     outside
the school

behind the cupboard               by
the window

round the corner                    on
the opposite side of the street

at the foot of the mountain      at the bottom of the sea

9)Cause and Effect因果

since                                            so…that…

because                                        thus

because of this/that                        hence

because of the fact that                  therefore

as a result                                     accordingly

as a result of                                 otherwise

be due to                                      be
responsible for

consequently                                 cause

be a consequence of                      lead
to

as a consequence of                      contribute
to

be the reason for                           result
in

follow from                                  bring
about

result from                                   give
rise to

10)Concluding总结

in conclusion                                to
conclude

to sum up                                     in
brief

at last                                           in
short

finally

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