实用英语写作技巧-第15部分

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Key　Words　and　Expressions：

similarities，differences，homework，attend　classes，call　the　parents，under　the　supervision　of，treated　as　adults，study　hard，enjoy　sports　and　games，talk　with　friends　and　classmates

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第三十一单元　给出题目作文Title…Given　position

　　

31．1　Introduction

A　title…given　position　requires　students　to　grasp　the　ideas
expressed　in　the　title，and　to　create　a　piece　of　writing　that　has　unity，support　and　coherence．　Because　there　is　no　hints　or　any
extra　information　in　addition　to　the　title．This　kind　of　writing　is　paratively　difficult．But　students　may　have　a　lot　of
freedom　in　writing．

Sample　Test　Item

Directions：Write　a　position　on　the　topic“Should　Firecrackers　Be　Banned？”Your　position　should　be　at　least　100words．Remember　to　support　the　main　idea
with　details　and　make　your　conclusion．Coherence　is　also　important．

Write　clearly．

31．2　Advice　on　How　to　Write　the　position

1）Examine　the　title　carefully　and　make　sure　that　you　understand　the
main　idea　of　the　title；

2）Organize　your　ideas　and　write　out　an　outline；

3）Produce　a　topic　sentence　for　each　paragraph；

4）Draft　your　essay．

31．3　Analysis　of　the　Sample　Test　Item

1）Main　idea　of　the　title

The　controlling　idea　is“firecrackers”．You　seem　to　have　a　lot　to　write　about．But　your　topic　has　been　limited　by　the　sentence“Should…be　banned？”It　is　an　interrogative　sentence，so　it　must　be　a　controversial　topic．

2）Outline　of　the　sample

Since　it　is　a　controversial　topic，different　opinions　must　exist．Thus，it　is
advisable　to　write　out　the　conflicting　opinions　of　different　people．

a．different
people　have　different　opinions

b．good—reflects　the　heritage　of　Chinese
culture

adds　much　to　the　warm　atmosphere

adds　emjoyment　of　people

bad—brings　great
economic　loss　to　the　country

causes　certain　disorder　in　the　society

pollutes　our　environment

c．Your　own
opinion　and　conclusion

3）Topic　Sentence　of　each　paragraph

①　Firecrackers　have　been　used　in
China　for　hundreds　of　years．

②　People　in　China　have　different
opinions　about　setting　off　firecrackers．

③　In　my　opinion，setting　off　firecrackers　should　be
banned．

Model　Essay　31…1

　　

Should　Firecrackers　be
Banned？

　　

Firecrackers　have　been　used　in　China　for　hundreds　of　years．Firecrackers　were　always　part　of
New　Year's　celebrations，weddings　and　other　important　occasions．

In　recent　years，however，people　in　China　have　different　opinions　about　the　old　custom　of
setting　off　firecrackers．Some　people　think　setting　off　firecrackers　is　a　good　thing，because　it　reflects　the　heritage　of
Chinese　culture．It　also　adds
much　to　the　enjoyment　of　people　and　the　warm　atmosphere　during　important
holidays．But　others，on　the　other　hand，believe　that　setting　off
firecrackers　should　be　banned．The　main　reasons　in　their　eyes　are　that　it　not　only　brings　great
economic　loss　to　the　country，but　also　causes　certain　disorder　in　the　society．Furthermore，it　pollutes　our　environment．

In　my　opinion，setting　off　firecrackers　should　be　banned．However，we　should　replace　this　old　custom
with　new　enjoyable　and　safe　ways　of　entertainment．Only　then　can　we　spend　our　holidays　in　a　peaceful　and　joyful　manner．

Exercise　for　Unit　31

Directions：（略）　Is　Failure　a　Bad　Thing？

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第三十二单元　图表作文Writing　a　position　According

to　Tables　and　Graphs

　　

32．1　Introduction

This　kind　of　writing　is　an　information　interpretation　process．The　information　may　be　given　in
numbers，lines　or
curves，etc．，usually　a　few　explanations　are
given．The
organization　of　the　writing　is　essential　to　a　good　essay　of　tables　and　graphs．Generally，it　is　as　follows：

　　

General　introduction——Analysis——Conclusion

概要介绍——分析图表——总结概括

　　

That　is，in　the　first　paragraph，you　have　to　demonstrate　the　general　situation　of　what　has　been
reflected　in　the　table　or　graph；Then，in　the　second
paragraph，you　have　to
analyse　carefully　the　numbers，lines　or　curves，and　point　out　the　rate　of　increase　or　discrease；In　the　end，you　have　to　write　your　own　opinion
or　ment．

Sample　Test　Item

Directions：Write　a　position　based　on　the　title　and　the　following　chart　in　no
less　than　120　words．The　causes　are　given　under　the　horizontal　line　and　the　precentage　of
the　totalof　80　fire　incidents　is　given　in　the　vertical　column　on　the　left．write　clearly．

Leading　Causes　of　Fires　in　China（1987）


　
　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　
　
　
　


32．2　Basic　Writing　Process　of　the　position

1）Have　a　correct　understanding　of　the　given　information，and　grasp　the　main　idea；

2）Make　a　careful　analysis　of　the　information，for　example，ask　yourself　the　questions　like：

a．Who　or　what
caused　the　fires？

b．What　is　the
relationship　between　cause　and　frequency　of　fires？

3）Write　an　outline；

4）Use　the　right　technique　of　writing．（The　most　mon　techniques　used　in　this　kind　of　writing　is：parison　and　contrast．）

32．3　Analysis　of　the　Sample　Test　Item

The　main　idea　of　the　graph　is：Fire　causes．From　the　graph，we　know　that　there　are　three　main　causes　of　fires：

a．Smokers　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（nearly50％）

b．Defective　insulation　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（38％）

c．Children　playing　with　matches　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（12％）

Thus，we　can，by　paring　the　above　information，make　a　ment　of　the　main　topic，then　reach　a　conclusion．

Model　Essay　32…1

From　the　graph　above，we　can　see　that　fire，one　of　the　most　terrible　killers　in　China，is　mainly　caused　by　smokers，defective　insulations　or　children
playing　with　matches．

In　1987，80　fire　incidents　took　place　in　China．While　nearly50％were　caused　by　smokers，38％were　caused
by　defective　insulation，and12％were　caused
by　children　playing　with　matches．No　matter　what　the　type　of　the　fire，we　can　almost　be　sure　that　they　were　caused　by　carelessness．

From　the　graph，we　can　conclude　that　smokers　are　the　leading　cause　of　fires，but　we　also　need　to　educate　our
children，warning　them
of　the　dangers　of　playing　with　matches　and　instruct　workers　be　more　careful
with　insulation．

Writing　Assignment　for
Unit　32

Directions：Write　a　position　based　on　the　statistical　table　about　the　total
amount　of　China　import　and　export．Yourposition　should　be　no　less　than　100　words．


　

　
　


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第三十三单元　英文书信写作English　Letter　Writing

　　

33．1　Introduction

Letter　writing　tests　the　English　letter　writing　skill　of　the
examinees．In　this　unit，we　are　going　to　focus　on　different
types　of　letter　writing，their　form　and　language．We　will　also　give　you　some　advice　on　how　to　write　an　effective
English　letter．

33．2　Type　of　letters（信的类型）

English　letters　are　generally　divided　into　two　types：

a．personal
letters个人书信

b．business
letters事务书信

33．3　Form（格式）

An　English　letter　usually　consists　of　six　parts：heading（信头），inside　address（收信人地址），salutation（称呼），body（信主体），plimentary　close（结尾客套语）and　signature（署名）．

1）Heading：In　the　upper　right　hand　corner
of　the　first　page，write　your
full　address　and　the　date．

2）Inside　Address：On　the　left　side，above　the　salutation，put　the　name　and　full　address　of
the　addressee．However，this　is　often　omitted　in　personal
letters．

3）Salutation：The　greeting　to　the　addressee，written　flush　with　the　left　margin，two　spaces　below　the　inside　address．A　ma　follows　the　salutation　in　a
personal　letter；in　a　business
letter，it　is
followed　by　a　colon（：）．Besides，in　personal　letters，first　names　are　usually　used，while　in　business　letters，the　surnames　are　used．

4）Body：The　contents　of　the　letter．

5）plimentary　Close：The　closing　of　a　letter．

The　conventional　plimentary　closes　in　business　letters　are：“Yours　truly，”“Yours　sincerely，”“Sincerely　yours，”“Sincerely，”“Cordially　yours，”“Yours　cordially，”etc．

The　close　of　a　personal　letter　is　of　a　more　free　choice．“Yours，”Affectionately，“Fondly，”“Yours　with　love，”“Love，”“With　best　wishes，”etc．

6）Signature：Put　your　name（always　handwritten）．

The　table　below　will　give　you　a　more　visual　presentation　of　the
letter　form：